Fafatawar Da Ba Ta Ƙarewa A Cikin Layer 2: Wane Ne Ke Kan Gaba?

Wani nau'in tirjiya mai ban dariya yana tasowa duk lokacin da fasaha ta bukaci masu amfani da ita su koyi wani sabon abu guda daya kawai. Ko da a cikin sabbin fannoni — kuma kripto misali ne na zahiri na sabon fanni, masu amfani suna samar da wani nau'in daidaiton cikin gida, sannan ko da kaucewa kadan daga wannan daidaiton yana haifar da shakku. Kafin ka ambaci Arbitrum ga mutanen da ke yabon Ethereum a wurin liyafar cin abinci a gaban abokansu, za su yi maka kallon banza su ce "ai mun riga mun koyi wancan;" ba wai don Arbitrum yana da wahalar fahimta ba da zarar wani ya bayyana maka shi, a'a, sai dai don wadannan mutanen ko dai sun fahimci abu na farko kuma a gaskiya ba sa neman na biyu. Hijira ta farko ta kasance ta ilimi ce. Ta biyu kuma tana jin kamar aikin gida ne.

Fiye da kowane bangare na fasaha, wannan yanayin ya siffanta gasar Layer 2. Kungiyoyin da suka gina wadannan hanyoyin sadarwa (networks) sun sani tun daga rana ta farko cewa ba sa sayar da Ethereum mai sauri da rahusa ba ne kawai. Dole ne su yi yaki da rukunin masu amfani da ke akwai wadanda tuni ba su gama zama daram a kan sarka (chain) ta asali ba kuma ba su da dalilin barinta. Kalubalen ya isa ya sa sabuwar gada (bridge) ta zama sanadin wahalar koyo — sabon mai bincike (explorer), sabon tsarin amincewa da kwantiragi, da kuma wani tsarin tunani daban na inda kadarori suke. Wannan kalubalen ya haifar da wasu daga cikin mafi tsananin gasa a harkar kripto (watakila in ban da yakin yarjejeniyar DeFi na farko) — kuma ba kamar yawancin fadace-fadace a masana'antar ba, wannan yana da kwararan dalilai na fasaha a bayansa.

Abin da Layer 2 ke Magancewa a Zahiri

Ethereum na asali yana da tsada. Wannan yana da tsada ne saboda kowa yana amfani da hanyar sadarwar (network) don yin wani abu da duk abin da aka gina a kanta, kuma kowane block zai iya yin iyakataccen adadin lissafi (computation) ne kawai. Sakamakon shi ne kasuwar kudin hada-hada inda ake ba da fifiko ga ma'amaloli dangane da shirye-shiryen mai amfani na biyan kudi; saman wannan lissafin ya kasance ba zai yiwu ba ga talakawan masu amfani su yi komai kwata-kwata a lokutan da hada-hada ta yi yawa.

Musaya mai sauki na iya cinye maka dala 50 a matsayin kudin hada-hada. Hada-hadar DeFi mai sarkakiya kuma tana kaiwa dala 200. Babu shakka hanyar sadarwar tana aiki, domin tana yin abin da aka yi nufin hanyoyin sadarwa su yi — amma ga wasu kalilan din mutane ne kawai.

An samar da hanyoyin sadarwa na Layer 2 ne don wannan dalilin, inda suke fitar da mafi yawan sarrafa bayanai zuwa wajen babban sarka (off-chain) yayin da suke ci gaba da kiyaye fa'idodin tsaro daga tsarin Ethereum. Bayanan sun bambanta dangane da sharuddan — optimistic rollups, zero-knowledge rollups, validiums, plasma chains da sauransu — amma babban dalilin kafa su daya ne. Layer 2 ita ce wurin da ake gudanar da hada-hada mai arha da sauri, inda ake tura takaitattun bayanai lokaci-lokaci zuwa Ethereum inda tsaron yake fitowa, kuma tana ba da kwarewar amfani da ta yi kama da Ethereum amma a kan farashi mai rahusa sosai idan aka kwatanta da na asali. Sarkakiyar gaskiya ce. Sadaukarwar (trade-offs) ma gaskiya ce. Sai dai, muhimmiyar fa'idar — tsarin tsaro iri daya, amma a kan farashi mai rahusa — ya tabbatar da cewa shi ne ainihin abin da masu amfani da dama suke so domin sanya daukacin rukunin ya zama mai nasara.

Zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 2020, jimillar darajar da aka kulle (total value locked) a duk manyan hanyoyin sadarwa na Layer 2 ta kai dala biliyan talatin… sannan arba'in… da ma fiye da haka. Jimillar yawan hada-hada a cikin Layer 2s ta yi nisa sosai fiye da babban sarka na Ethereum (Ethereum Mainnet). Ko ma dai mene ne sauran muhawara kan tsantsar tsari ko rarrabuwa, ra'ayin Layer 2 ya tabbata a aikace: mutane suna amfani da su.

Hadu da Masu Takara

Ya zuwa yanzu, manyan masu takara a Layer 2 sun kafu sosai, koda yake a cikin bangaren da ake samun sauye-sauyen matsayi a kowane kwata na shekara.

Kowannensu yana da asali daban, mai tallafawa daban, da kuma ra'ayin nasara daban.

Offchain Labs ne suka samar da Arbitrum, kuma tsawon shekaru ita ce Layer 2 mafi girma dangane da jimillar darajar da aka kulle (total value locked), kuma har yanzu tana matsayi mai girma a cikin sabon tsarinmu. Tsarin halittarta (ecosystem) ya jawo hankalin kwararar yarjejeniyoyin DeFi wadanda ke bukatar dacewa da Ethereum ba tare da tsadar Ethereum ba, kuma tana amfani da ingantaccen tsarin optimistic rollup wanda aka sani sosai. An kaddamar da token din ARB a watan Maris na 2023 tare da daya daga cikin mafi girman raba kyautar kudi (airdrop) a tarihin crypto, inda Arbitrum ta raba ikon gudanar da tsarinta gaba daya ta hanyar Arbitrum DAO. Arbitrum ta yi fice ne a fannin balaga da karko. Babban kalubalenta shi ne cewa falsafar tsarinta na asali ya tsufa idan aka kwatanta da tsarukan gasa da dama da suka biyo baya, kuma yayin da sabbin tsarukan zk based rollups ke ci gaba da fitowa, yanzu wadannan bambance-bambancen sun fi karkata ga tallace-tallace fiye da na fasaha.

Abokiyar takarar Arbitrum mafi kusa (ta fuskar tsari da tarihi) ita ce Optimism, wacce OP Labs ke gudanarwa. Ita ma tana amfani da optimistic rollups, tana da tsarin halitta mai karfi, sannan tana da token (OP) da kuma tsarin gudanarwa mai ci gaba.

Babban matakin da ya fi bambanta Optimism shi ne shirin Superchain — wani hangen nesa da ya mayar da hankali kan hanyoyin sadarwa na Layer 2 da dama wadanda ke amfani da tushen fasaha guda (OP Stack) yayin da hadin gwiwa da kwararar daraja ke komawa ga babban matakin (base layer). Base (2023) — Base wani Layer 2 ne na Ethereum daga Coinbase wanda ke amfani da OP Stack kuma yana daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin sadarwa na Layer 2 dangane da ayyukan masu amfani. Wasu ma sun gina nasu a kan wannan tushen.

Tambaya mafi mahimmanci da har yanzu ba a ba da amsarta ba ita ce ko Superchain za ta zama ginshikin da kowa zai yi amfani da shi ga dukkan rukunin, ko kuma za ta ci gaba da kasancewa daya daga cikin ra'ayoyi da dama da ke fafatawa da juna.

Base, kodayake a fasahance wani bangare ne na OP Stack, tana wakiltar wani babban bangare mai zaman kansa ta fuskar al'adu wanda ya cancanci a ambace shi a matsayin babban mai fafatawa a cikin tsarinta na kashin kanta. Coinbase tana ba ta kariya ta hanyar samar da hanya mafi zurfi ta shigar da kudaden gida (fiat onramp) a cikin masana'antar da kuma bin ka'idojin hukumomi cikin tsari. A tsawon shekarar 2024 da kuma yawancin 2026, Base ce ta jagoranci rukunin Layer 2 dangane da yawan masu amfani da ita a kullum — sakamakon shahararrun manhajoji, harkokin memecoin, da kuma masu amfani da Coinbase da suka gano cewa za su iya gudanar da hada-hada a kan sarka (on-chain) da 'yan kudi kalilan. Babu wani token na Base, wanda ta kowane hali aka duba, ya jawo suka ko kuma ya samu masoya dangane da wanda ka tambaya.

Bangaren zero-knowledge rollup yana samun wakilci daga zkSync, wanda Matter Labs suka gina. Optimistic rollups sun dogara ne kan lokacin kalubalantar gaskiyar hada-hada (challenge period), amma ZK crypto ya fi kyau ta fuskar lissafi domin yana samar da shaidar sirri (cryptographic proof) ta gaskiyar lamari — duk da cewa hakan yana bukatar sarkakiyar injiniyanci da ta dauki shekaru kafin a shirya yin amfani da ita. An kaddamar da token din ZK, zkSync Era tana aiki a halin yanzu kuma an fara amfani da hanyar sadarwar. Fasahar zk ce za ta yi nasara a nan gaba, kuma a karshe za a daina amfani da optimistic rollups. Tambayar ita ce ko wannan sauyin zai faru a cikin lokacin da zai shafi masu zuba jari na yanzu.

Wani babban zk-rollup mai karfi a cikin tsarin halittu (ecosystem) shi ne Starknet, wanda StarkWare suka gina. Wannan rollup din na asali na Ethereum yana amfani da tsarin tabbatarwa daban (STARKs maimakon SNARKs) da kuma yaren shirye-shiryen kwamfuta (Cairo maimakon Solidity) — wannan ya taimaka wajen jawo hankalin al'ummar masu haɓaka (developers) yayin da ya shafi dacewarsa da tsarin Ethereum na yanzu.

An ƙaddamar da token ɗin STRK a farkon shekarar 2024. Starknet na sa ran cewa yayin da masana'antar ke bunƙasa, fa'idodin fasaha na tsarinta za su fara tasiri.

Polygon, wanda shi ne babban jagora a dukkan matakan faɗaɗa Ethereum (scaling), ya sauya alƙibla sau da dama. Polygon ya samo asali ne daga sidechain mai amfani da Plasma zuwa nasa hanyar sadarwa ta proof-of-stake, sannan ya zama dandalin ƙaddamar da zkEVM, kuma tare da hakan ya samu sabon matsayi a cikin tsarin: AggLayer — matakin daidaitawa (settlement layer) na dukkan tsarin hanyoyin sadarwa na Polygon-CDK. Token ɗin da ke ƙarƙashinsa shi ne POL, wanda aka sauya wa suna daga MATIC. Polygon yana da fa'idar kasancewa a wannan fage fiye da kowa, tare da haɗin gwiwa, dangantaka da masu haɓaka shirye-shirye (developers), da kuma haɗewar hukumomi da suka dace. Ƙalubalen da yake fuskanta shi ne cewa dukkan sauye-sauyen dabarun da aka yi tun daga lokacin sun haifar da ɗan shakku kan abin da ainihin aikin yake nufi.

Bugun Da Suka Yi Tasiri

Misalin wasan dambe ba zai yi nisa sosai ba, amma yana bayyana wani abu na gaskiya game da yadda wannan gasar take gudana. Akwai takamaiman dalili na fasaha mai gamsarwa kan dalilin da ya sa kowace ƙungiya za ta yi nasara a ƙarshe. An gabatar da waɗannan dalilai ga masu zuba jari da ke marawa waɗannan ayyuka baya. Abin da ke sa mai zuba jari ya amince da zuba kuɗinsa shi ne dai abin da ke sa masu amfani da crypto na yau da kullum sauyawa daga wannan hanyar sadarwa zuwa waccan — wato hujjoji na zahiri. Layer 2 da ke da masu amfani, da TVL, da kuma manhajoji masu nasara da ke gudana a kansa, da masu haɓakawa da ke fitar da sabbin abubuwa — wannan Layer 2 ɗin yana ƙara jan hankalin dukkan su. Da zarar tsarin ya fara tafiya (flywheel), yana da matukar wahala a tsayar da shi.

Base ne ya jagoranci wannan tsarin a cikin shekarun 2024 da 2025. Sunan Coinbase ya kasance babban ginshiƙin amana da ba za a iya yin watsi da shi ba. Ba tare da token ba, masu amfani na farko ba su yi hasashen farashin Base kansa ba, sai dai manhajojin da aka gina a kansa, wanda hakan ya sa alƙaluman ayyuka suka fito fili. Ikon shiga tsarin ta hanyar Coinbase Pay ya sauƙaƙa tsarin ga miliyoyin masu amfani da tuni suke da asusu a dandalin musayar kuɗi (exchange). Wannan ya ƙaddamar da hanyar sadarwa wadda, ta wasu ma'aunai, ta zarce tsofaffin Layer 2s a fannin yawan ayyukan masu amfani.

Ko hakan zai fassara zuwa mamayar dogon lokaci abin tattaunawa ne. Darasi na biyu yana da alaƙa da tasirin hanyar sadarwa (network effects) a harkar crypto, waɗanda aka tabbatar sun fi karko (kuma sun fi rauni) fiye da yadda kowa ya yi tsammani.

Aƙalla ta fuskar zurfin tsarin halittu (ecosystem), Arbitrum da Optimism sun tsaya da ƙafafunsu. Waɗannan hanyoyin sadarwa masu ƙunshe da tsarin DeFi (protocols), tun daga Aave da Uniswap zuwa GMX, Synthetix, Velodrome har zuwa wasu ɗaruruwa, suna wakiltar tsadar sauyawa (switching costs) mai yawa ga ainihin tsarin (protocols) da kuma masu amfani da suka gina jarin su a kansu. Daukar wani tsari (protocol) daga hanyar sadarwa ta Arbitrum don amfani da wani mai fafatawa ba kawai aikin fasaha ba ne na musamman, yana buƙatar lokaci don ilimantar da masu amfani game da dalilin da ya sa hakan ya zama dole, sake gina ruwan kuɗi (liquidity) a cikin wannan tsarin a sabuwar sarƙar (chain), sake kulla alaƙar haɗin gwiwa da aka kafa da nufin cimma tasirin haɗin gwiwa (synergy effects) da sauransu — waɗanda duka sun ƙunshi babban haɗari ga kima (reputational risk). Wannan jan hankali ya sa tsofaffin Layer 2s su ci gaba da kasancewa masu fafatawa duk da ƙalubalen da sababbin masu tasowa ke fuskanta.

Hanyoyin sadarwa na zk-based har yanzu suna kan matakin tabbatar da ingancin aikinsu lokacin da ake da cunkoso. Nasarorin fasaha abin a yaba ne. Wannan ƙwarewar mai amfani (user experience), ana iya cewa, ba ta da bambanci da optimistic rollups; wannan yabo ne kuma matsala ce — idan mai amfani ba zai iya gane bambancin ba, to batun fasaha dole ne ya fuskanci fafatawar tallatawa. Dukansu zkSync da Starknet suna zuba kuɗi a cikin tallafin tsarin halittu (ecosystem grants), kwarin gwiwa ga masu haɓakawa (developer incentives) da kuma aikace-aikacen da suka fi mayar da hankali ga masu amfani. Sakamakon waɗannan jarin zai bayyana a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.

Tokens da Abin da Suke Faɗa Maka

Tattalin arzikin token na Layer 2 wani labari ne na daban. Kowane ɗayan ARB, OP, STRK, ZK da POL yana da tarihin farashi daban-daban, jadawalin buɗewa (unlock schedule) daban-daban — da kuma nasa labarin.

Farashin token shi kaɗai ba ya nuna ainihin yanayin lafiyar hanyar sadarwa. To, shi ma kansa ba bayani ne maras amfani ba. A gefe guda kuma, ana sanya wa waɗannan hanyoyin sadarwa farashi, koda kuwa ba daidai ba ne, bisa ga tsammanin waɗanda za su ƙaru daraja a tsawon lokaci.

Galibi, ARB da OP sun yi ciniki a matsayin jagororin wannan rukunin, inda farashinsu ke canzawa dangane da yanayin kasuwa baki ɗaya game da haɓaka Ethereum maimakon abubuwan da suka shafi takamaiman hanyar sadarwa. Idan muka koma kan POL, tafiyar ƙaura zuwa Polygon ta kasance mai cike da ƙalubale. ZK da STRK sun fuskanci wahala wajen mayar da sha'awar fasaha zuwa haɓakar farashi, wanda hakan ya faru ne saboda jadawalin buɗe token (token unlock) da ya shafi wadatar kasuwa (supply) a lokacin canjin da ma'aunan karɓar fasahar ke ƙaruwa. Ana iya cewa, token ɗin da ya fi nuna bajinta shi ne wanda ma babu shi — an soki Base saboda rashin samun token, inda sharhi ke nuna cewa ƙaƙƙarfan Layer 2 ba lallai ne ya sha wahalar ƙirƙirar nasa kadarar crypto ba, ko kuma bayar da hujjoji kan rashin yin hakan.

Ga aikace-aikacen da ake ginawa a kan waɗannan hanyoyin sadarwa — musamman waɗanda ke buƙatar sarrafa yawan hada-hadar kuɗi kamar hanyoyin sadarwa da ke samar da cikon Makamashi (Energy) ta atomatik ga masu amfani a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta TRON ko API don sarrafa Makamashin TRON, zaɓar tushen Layer 2 ya zama ba wai shawara ba ce, a'a, ya zama tabbataccen abu. Da yawa daga cikinsu suna amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa da dama. Tsarin more rayuwa (infrastructure) ya riga ya haɓaka har ta kai ga ƙara tallafi ga Arbitrum, Optimism, Base da wasu ƴan zk-rollups ya kamata ya zama abu mai sauƙi ta fuskar injiniyanci, kuma ƙarin masu amfani a kowace hanyar sadarwa yana da fa'ida sosai idan aka yi la'akari da girman aikin.

Zagaye na Ƙarshe

Ainihin amsar gaskiya game da wanda ya yi nasara ita ce, nasarar tana faruwa a wurare da dama a lokaci guda.

Base tana mamaye fannin masu amfani na yau da kullum. Arbitrum da Optimism ne ke kan gaba wajen zurfin tsarin DeFi. Idan kun yi imanin cewa saka hannun jari a fannin fasaha na dogon lokaci zai yi amfani, zkSync da Starknet ne ke yin nasara a kai. Gwagwarmayar hadaka da manyan hukumomi, kawance, da kuma labaran kasuwanci: Polygon ce ke yin nasara. Watakila mafi wayo a cikinsu su ne wadancan masu zuba jari da suka kasance suna siyan dukkan wannan rukunin a cikin wannan lokacin, ba wai kawai wadanda suka yi nasara daya-daya ba, domin ya fi zama gaskiya cewa maimakon Layer 2 guda daya ta yi nasara a kan dukkan sauran masu fafatawa ko kuma ta mamaye kasuwar gaba daya, maimakon haka duka za su ci gaba da bunkasa a matsayin rukuni kuma da dama za su tsira.

Dalilin da ya sa wannan yake da muhimmanci ga kowa da ke wajen da'irar masu masaniya. Zabin Layer 2 yana canzawa daga zama na dabara zuwa zama na yau da kullum. Hanyoyin sadarwar suna da kyau sosai. Gadojin (bridges) sun balaga sosai. Wallets din da kansu ne ke kula da canza sarƙoƙi (chains) a gare ku. Mai amfani ba sai ya tsaya a kan tsarin (ecosystem) guda daya kawai ba. Suna iya amfani da Base don yin abu daya, Arbitrum don yin wani, sannan kuma zk-rollup don yin na uku, bambancin da ke da muhimmanci kawai shi ne tsarin kudin fito da rukunin aikace-aikace. Haka ne, a hankali amma tabbas, yadda nasara take ga dukkan rukunin fasaha — lokacin da batun ya tashi daga tattaunawa ya koma zama kayan aiki. Babban tambayar ita ce ko wannan kambun zakara zai kare a hannun mutum daya ne ko kuma za a rika mika shi tsawon shekaru.

Abin da ke da mahimmanci ya fito ne daga fafatawar kanta.

Netts Workspace wani babban dandamali ne na sarrafa Energy wanda aka kera shi musamman don masu haɓaka manhaja da kamfanonin da ke gudanar da hada-hadar USDT mai yawa a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta TRON, yana kunshe da hayar Energy ta hannu mai darajar kwararru daga raka'o'in Energy 32K zuwa 5M, yanayin "smart mode" wanda ke bin diddigin ma'aunin kudi don kunnawa ko dakatar da lokutan aiki ta atomatik, yanayin "host-mode" wanda ke ba da Energy 131K tare da Bandwidth 400 a cikin zagayen sa'o'i ashirin da hudu, da kuma API mai sarrafa kansa wanda ke shirye don haɗewa tare da damar shiga ta IP da aka amince da su. Ya ƙunshi tsarin tura baki (referral program) wanda ke tara kwamishina kashi 15 cikin ɗari, tarihin haɗa-haɗar kuɗi tare da damar fitar da bayanan a tsarin CSV, ikon sarrafa ajiya da cire kuɗi, da kuma shafin bayanan da ke nuna yawan kuɗin da aka tanada idan aka kwatanta da asalin tsarin ƙona TRX — kayan aikin gudanarwa na yau da kullum da ake samu yayin amfani da kowace hanyar sadarwa (chain) inda ayyukan samarwa dole ne su biya kuɗin kowane mu'amala.