Wasu Kurakurai Masu Ban Nadama a Tarihin Kirifto

Duniyar cryptocurrency galibi ana bayyana ta ne da labaran nasara cikin kankanin lokaci, inda ake samun dukiya mai yawa kamar a cikin dare ɗaya. Mutane irin su Changpeng Zhao, wanda ya kafa Binance, da Brian Armstrong, babban jami'in gudanarwa na Coinbase, sun zama alamomin nasara a wannan kasuwa mai cike da sauyin farashi. Labaransu na ƙarfafa ra'ayin cewa, ta hanyar ɗaukar matakan da suka dace, kowa zai iya samun 'yancin kuɗi ta hanyar zuba jari a cryptocurrency. Amma wannan bikin nasarorin yana haifar da wani nau'in son zuciya na kallon waɗanda suka tsira (survivorship bias), yayin da muke yin watsi da labaran gargaɗi na mutanen da rayuwarsu ta lalace. A yau, muna duba wasu daga cikin mafi munanan kura-kurai da muka gani a harkar crypto waɗanda ya kamata a tuna da su a matsayin gargaɗi game da haɗurran da ke tattare da wannan fage na zamanin dijital wanda ba shi da tabbas.

Labarin Batacciyar Dukiya

A shekarar 2013, James Howells, wani ma'aikacin IT ɗan ƙasar Birtaniya, ya batar da hard drive ɗinsa mai ɗauke da Bitcoin guda 7,500. A lokacin da darajar Bitcoin ta kai kololuwa, wannan adadin ya kai darajar fiye da dala biliyan rabi. Duk da ƙoƙari da dama na neman hard drive ɗin a wani wurin zubar da shara a Wales, Howells bai sami damar dawo da miliyoyinsa da suka bata ba. Kwarewarsa tana nuna ƙarara dalilin da ya sa amintaccen tsarin adanawa (secure custody) yake da matukar muhimmanci a duniyar kadarorin dijital.

Stefan Thomas, wani mai tsara shirye-shiryen kwamfuta a San Francisco, shi ma ba zai iya samun damar shiga Bitcoin guda 7,002 da aka biya shi fiye da shekaru goma da suka gabata a matsayin lada na yin bidiyon da ke bayanin yadda cryptocurrency yake aiki ba. Tare da saura damar gwadawa guda biyu kacal kafin na'urar ta kulle kanta har abada, lamarin Thomas wani tunatarwa ne kan buƙatar yin taka-tsantsan game da kalmomin sirri (passwords). Wannan tunatarwa ce ga dukkanmu a duniyar crypto.

Labarin Laszlo Hanyecz, wanda ya shahara wajen kashe Bitcoin guda 10,000 don siyan pizza guda biyu a shekarar 2010, wani nau'in nadama ne daban. Ba wai rashi ne a ma'anar da aka saba sani ba, amma waɗancan Bitcoins ɗin za su kai darajar fiye da dala miliyan 400 a lokacin da farashi ya kai kololuwa.

Labarin Hanyecz misali ɗaya ne kawai na yadda masu amfani da Bitcoin na farko suka yi matuƙar ƙasa-ƙasa da kimar abin da suke da shi a nan gaba.

Masifu na Wuraren Musayar Kuɗi

A wani lokaci, Mt. Gox ne ke gudanar da kashi 70% na dukkan hada-hadar Bitcoin, kuma ya kasance babban kigo a tsakanin wuraren musayar agogon intanet. Ya fuskanci mummunan harin kutse a shekarar 2014, lokacin da Bitcoins guda 850,000 suka ɓace. Wannan gagarumar matsala ta sa kamfanin ya daina aiki, kuma dubban mutane sun rasa yadda za su yi. Wannan lamari ya fito da haɗarin da ke tattare da wuraren musayar kuɗi na bai-ɗaya (centralized exchanges) da kuma buƙatar samar da tsaro mai ƙarfi.

Sam Bankman-Fried, wanda a wani lokaci aka yi wa kallon gwanin harkar crypto, ya kalli yadda daularsa ta ruguje a shekarar 2022 lokacin da FTX ta durƙushe. Rugujewar wurin musayar ta yi sanadiyyar asarar biliyoyin daloli ga masu saka jari da abokan ciniki. Zarge-zargen yin ba daidai ba da kuɗaɗe da kuma halayen kuɗi masu haɗari sun kai ga yin fatarar FTX, wanda hakan ya share dukiyar Bankman-Fried da aka kiyasta ta kai dala biliyan 16. Wannan ya tabbatar ba tare da shakka ba game da haɗarin rashin sa ido da shugabanci a masana'antar crypto.

Gerald Cotten, babban jami'in gudanarwa na wurin musayar agogon intanet na Kanada mai suna QuadrigaCX, ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani a shekarar 2018, kuma ya tafi da kalmomin sirri na walat-walat ɗin da ke ɗauke da fiye da dala miliyan 190 na kuɗaɗen intanet na abokan cinikinsa. Lamarin ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce da kuma ra'ayoyin maƙarƙashiya, inda wasu ke zargin cewa Cotten ya shirya mutuwar ƙarya ne. Ko ma dai mene ne gaskiyar lamarin, kasancewar dubban masu saka jari sun tsinci kansu cikin rashin tabbas na kuɗi bayan asarar, hakan ya jaddada mahimmancin gudanar da kuɗaɗe a bayyane kuma cikin tsaro.

Rugujewar Cryptopia a wannan shekarar misali ne na yadda masu amfani ke rasa damar samun kuɗaɗensu lokacin da aka yi wa wurin musayar na New Zealand kutse.

Dandamalin, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 2014, ya yi asarar miliyoyin kudaden intanet (cryptocurrency) kafin ya ruguje, lamarin da ya bar masu amfani da shi ba tare da wata mafita mai karfi ba a kokarinsu na dawo da kudadensu.

Gazawar Algorithmic da Rugujewar Dandamali

A watan Mayun 2022, takamaiman kudaden intanet (tokens) na hanyar sadarwa ta Terra — wato UST da LUNA — sun fuskanci mummunar faduwar daraja. Jimillar darajar kasuwarsu ta fadi daga sama da dala biliyan 40 zuwa dala miliyan 500 a cikin sa'o'i 24 kacal, inda suka rasa kusan dukkan darajarsu. Faduwar ta faru ne sakamakon rabe-war darajar UST daga dala (unpegging), wanda kudin intanet ne na "algorithmic stablecoin", lamarin da ya rage kwarin gwiwa kuma ya haifar da sayar da kudaden cikin firgici. Wannan lamari ya nuna irin hadarin da ke tattare da algorithmic stablecoins da kuma yadda ya kamata a kiyaye amana tsakanin bangarorin da abin ya shafa.

Sannan Celsius Network — wani kamfanin fasahar kudi (fintech) mai bayar da riba mai yawa wanda ya yi ikirarin sauya fasalin harkokin kudi na kashin kai — ya fuskanci gagarumar gazawa. Kamfanin ya samu gibin dala biliyan 1.7, ya sanar da fatarar kudi, sannan ya bar abokan ciniki miliyan 1.7, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu malamai ne da masu ritaya daga dukkan jihohi 50, ba tare da damar yin amfani da kudaden ajiyar rayuwarsu ba. An tuhumi babban jami'in gudanarwarsa, Alex Mashinsky, da zamba — wannan yana nuna irin hadarin da ke tattare da ba da kudi ga dandamali wadanda ba su da tsarin kasuwanci mai dorewa.

Badakalar musayar kudi ta Thodex a shekarar 2021 wata shaida ce dake nuna yadda zambar kudaden intanet (crypto) ta yadu. Bayan da babban jami'in gudanarwa na Thodex, Faruk Fatih Özer, ya bace da dukkan kudaden abokan cinikinsa — kusan dala biliyan 2 daga hannun masu zuba jari kusan 400,000 — abokan cinikin sun shiga rudani kuma raunin dandamalin ya fito fili. Dandamalin ya jawo hankalin masu zuba jari ta hanyar alkawuran kyaututtuka masu yawa, sai dai daga karshe ya yi watsi da su.

Lokacin da Voyager Digital ya sanar da fatarar kudi a shekarar 2022, abokan ciniki sun kasa samun damar yin amfani da kudadensu bayan da kasuwancin ya tafka asara mai yawa sakamakon alakar su da Three Arrows Capital.

Dandalin bayar da rance ya yi alkawarin riba mai yawa, amma a karshe ya gaza cika alkawarin, kuma dubban masu amfani da shi sun tsinci kansu a cikin mawuyacin halin kudi.

Masifu a Harkar Ciniki da Bala'o'in Amfani da Leverage

Duniyar kudin intanet (Cryptocurrency) ta fuskanci asarori masu ban tausayi da dama da ke da alaka da ciniki ta hanyar amfani da leverage mai yawa da kuma rashin kula da hadura yadda ya kamata. A watan Mayun 2021, wani dan kasuwa a dandalin Binance ya tsinci kansa a cikin babban rashi bayan ya yi asarar dala biliyan rabi sakamakon ciniki da babban leverage lokacin da darajar Bitcoin ta fadi. Irin wannan asara mai girma tana nuna hadarin da ke tattare da ciniki ta hanyar leverage, wanda zai iya kawo babbar riba — ko kuma babban rashi.

Daya daga cikin fitattun asarori ya faru ne lokacin da wani dan kasuwa ya yi asarar dala biliyan 1.2 a rana guda yayin faduwar kasuwar crypto ta shekarar 2022. Mutumin ya yi fare mai girma ta hanyar leverage a dandamali daban-daban, yana sa ran cewa kasuwar za ta ci gaba da yin sama. Da zarar kasuwar ta sauya alkibla, kiran cikon kudi (margin calls) ya kai ga rufe matsayinsa na ciniki (liquidations), wanda hakan ya haifar da daya daga cikin mafi girman asarar ciniki ta mutum guda a tarihin crypto.

Akwai kuma wani dan kasuwa dan kasar Japan wanda ya yi asarar dala biliyan 1.3 wajen cinikin Bitcoin futures — wani labarin darasi ne. Kamar yadda aka sani, mutumin ya yi amfani da leverage mai yawa kuma ya ninka girman matsayinsa na ciniki har sau uku sakamakon wata alama daga Yellen, inda ya tsinci kansa a cikin matsin lamba na margin lokacin da kasuwar ta juya masa baya, kuma aka sayar da komai nasa lokacin da farashi ya fadi kasa da matakin da yake tsammani.

Masifu a DeFi da Gazawar Smart Contract

Bangaren hada-hadar kudi da ba a karkashin kulawar kowa (DeFi) ya fuskanci matsaloli da dama na smart contract wadanda suka haddasa asara mai girma. Harin DAO na shekarar 2016 ya kai ga satar Ether miliyan 3.6, wanda darajarsa ta kai sama da dala miliyan 50 a wancan lokacin. Wannan shi ne lamarin da ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna (hard fork) a kan hanyar sadarwa ta Ethereum kuma ya bayyana hadarin da ke tattare da bala'in smart contract.

Harin da aka kai wa Poly Network a shekarar da ta gabata ya sa mahara sun gudu da sama da dala miliyan 600 na nau'ikan kudaden crypto daban-daban.

Duk da cewa an dawo da kudaden daga baya, harin ya fallasa babban gibi a tsarin hada-hadar sarka-da-sarka (cross-chain) sannan ya haifar da muhawara kan tsaron harkokin kudi na bai-daya (decentralized finance - DeFi).

Harin "flash loan" ya haddasa asarar dala miliyan 130 yayin harin Cream Finance a shekarar 2021. Shi kansa tsarin (protocol) an sha kai masa hare-hare da dama a baya, amma ya ci gaba da aiki da manyan gibin tsaro wadanda daga karshe miyagu suka yi amfani da su.

BadgerDAO ta yi asarar dala miliyan 120 a shekarar 2021, sakamakon wani kwararren harin "phishing" a bangaren mu'amalar masu amfani (frontend) na tsarin. Harin ya nuna yadda fannin DeFi yake da rauni ga hare-haren yaudara na "social engineering".

Mahaukaciyar Sha'awar Meme Coin da Masifu na Hasashen Kasuwanci

Meme coins sun bude wani sabon fanni na damammaki ga mutane don samun babban rabo — ko kuma rasa komai. Kodayake wasu kalilan daga cikin masu zuba jari na farko a kudaden intanet (tokens) kamar Dogecoin da Shiba Inu sun zama miliyoniya, wasu da dama sun rasa dukkan jarin su yayin kokarin bin sahun wani sabon token da ya yi fice. Yawancin wadannan ayyukan ba su da wata kima ta asali, saboda haka zuba jari ne mai hadari sosai.

Damfarar token din Squid Game a shekarar 2021 ta bar masu zuba jari cikin asarar miliyoyin daloli lokacin da masu kirkirar token din suka tsere da kudadensu. Token din, wanda aka kwaikwayo daga shahararren shirin Netflix, ya ga farashinsa ya yi tashin gwauron zabi kafin dukkan masu kirkirar su sayar da kason su sannan suka bace ba tare da wata alama ba, tare da tafiya da kudaden masu zuba jari.

Takaddamar SafeMoon ta jawo hankali ga hadarin kudaden intanet (tokens) masu tsarin tattalin arziki (tokenomics) mai sarkakiya. Tsadar kudin hada-hadarsa da faduwar darajarsa sun ba masu zuba jari da dama kunya, wadanda suka yi asarar kudade masu yawa.

Bangaren Dan Adam a Gazawar Crypto

Dukkan wadannan rahotanni suna bin jigo guda daya: kuskuren dan adam.

Daga ɓatattun kalmomin sirri zuwa ma'aikatan gida maciya amana, rashin sa'a zuwa sata na fili, kura-kuran ɗan adam da katsalandan na mugunta waɗanda suka ɓata tarihin crypto game da littattafan lissafi na bai-ɗaya (shared ledgers) suna da ban mamaki kamar yadda suke da ban tsoro. Wannan shaida ce ga buƙatar tsaro mai ƙarfi, tunani na tsanaki, da kuma yin amfani da tsarin sarrafa kansa gwargwadon iko don rage haɗarin ɗan adam.

Alkawarin samun kuɗi na gaggawa yakan ɓoye ainihin haɗarin da ke tattare da hakan ga masu zuba jari. Wasu da dama labarai ne na darasi game da mutanen da suka yi watsi da matakan tsaro na yau da kullum ko kuma aka yaudare su cikin tsare-tsaren da suka yi alkawarin ribar ban mamaki wadda ba ta da maraba da gaskiya fiye da ruwa kashi 30% a kowane wata. Sauyin farashi a kasuwar crypto, tare da yanayin tunanin ɗan adam, na iya zama babban haɗari da ke kaiwa ga asara.

Bangaren tunani na FOMO (tsoron kada a bar ka a baya) ya yaudari mutane da yawa wajen yanke shawara cikin gaggawa ba tare da yin bincike na gaske ko fahimtar abin da suke yi ba. Kafofin sada zumunta suna ƙara girman wannan tasirin, ta hanyar rera waƙar yabo ga nasara amma suna watsi ko share labaran gargadi.

Abubuwan da Suka Faru Kwanan Nan da Haɗarin da Ke Akwai

Wannan fanni ya fuskanci manyan gazawa koda a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata. Tsarin DeFi (DeFi protocols) da dama sun ruguje sakamakon raunin kwangilar fasaha (smart contract exploits) wanda ya janyo asarar daruruwan miliyoyin daloli. Hare-haren flash loan sun ƙara zama masu sarkakiya, suna amfani da raunin da ke cikin AMMs da tsarin bayar da rance.

Kamfanonin crypto da dama kuma sun tsinci kansu cikin mamaki sakamakon takunkumin hukumomi. An ci tarar wasu shafukan musayar kuɗi (exchanges) masu yawa, kuma sun tilasta musu ɗaukar matakan takaita ayyukansu, yayin da wasu kuma suka rufe gaba ɗaya. Sauye-sauyen manufofi ya kasance ƙalubale ga manyan kamfanoni da masu zuba jari na gama-gari baki ɗaya.

Rugujewar Three Arrows Capital a shekarar 2022 ya shafi dukkan fannin crypto.

Asusun zuba jari na hedge, wanda ya kula da kadarori na biliyoyin daloli, ya ruguje sakamakon yawan amfani da lamuni (leverage) da kuma rashin kyawun tsarin sarrafa kasada wanda ya bar dandamali da masu zuba jari da dama cikin haɗari bayan fuskantar asara.

Ilimin Halayyar Ɗan Adam Game da Asara

Abin da ya sa waɗannan labaran suke da tasiri sosai shi ne yanayin tunanin da suke haifarwa ga mutanen da suka tafka asarar. Wasu daga cikin mutanen da suka yi asarar kuɗaɗe masu yawa a harkar crypto ba ƙwararrun masu zuba jari ba ne, face talakawa ne kawai waɗanda alkawarin samun dukiya mai yawa cikin sauri ya yaudare su. Baƙin cikin rashi kuma yana zuwa da tsada sosai ga yanayin zuciya, domin tasirinsa yana shafar dangantaka, lafiyar ƙwakwalwa, da kuma yadda mutum yake yanke shawara kan harkokin kuɗi.

Amma tsoron kada a bar ka a baya, wato FOMO, ya sa mutane da dama garaje wajen zuba jari ba tare da yin bincike mai zurfi ba ko kuma auna kasadar da ke tattare da hakan. Kafofin sada zumunta ba sa taimakawa a wannan fannin, domin suna samar wa mutane wuraren da ake yaba labaran nasara kawai, yayin da ake yin watsi ko share labaran gargaɗi.

Darussan da Aka Koya da Kuma Matakin Gaba

Waɗannan labaran gargaɗin tunatarwa ne cewa a bayan kowane labarin nasara a harkar crypto, akwai karuwar labaran asara mai raɗaɗi. Yanayin kasuwar cryptocurrency mai saurin sauyawa, tare da kura-kurai na ɗan adam da kuma masu damfara, na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako ga tattalin arziki. Yana da mahimmanci ga masu zuba jari su kasance da idon basira, su yi binciken kansu, sannan su yi amfani da hanyoyi masu aminci.

Rarraba jari (diversification) yana da matuƙar mahimmanci. Yawancin asara mafi muni sun faru ne ga mutanen da suka zuba dukkan dukiyarsu a wuri guda, ko a dandalin musayar kuɗi (exchange) ne, ko wani takamaiman toka (token), ko kuma wani salon zuba jari. Ana rage kasada ne ta hanyar rarraba jari lokacin da kake ba da rance ga masu karɓar rance da dama, yin amfani da dandamali daban-daban na bayar da rance, da kuma siyan kadarori masu yawa gwargwadon iko.

Ilimi da sani su ma ginshiƙai ne. Sanin filla-filla game da fasahar crypto, kasadar zuba jari a cikinta, da kuma kulawar da ya kamata a ba wa tsaro, na iya ba ka kyakkyawan tushe wajen yanke shawara.

Bangaren crypto yana tafiya da sauri, kuma yana da mahimmanci a kasance da masaniya kan sabbin abubuwan da ke faruwa, dokoki, da kuma kasada.

A duk inda aka samu masu nasara, dole a samu masu rashi. Sauyin farashi mai tsanani a kasuwar cryptocurrency da kuma yiwuwar samun makudan kudade su ma suna tattare da babban hadari. Kuma labaran asarar dukiya, mantawa da kalmomin sirri, rugujewar dandamali, da kuma faduwar tsare-tsaren yaudara, tunatarwa ce mai ratsa jiki game da abubuwan da za su iya faruwa a wannan fanni. Yayin da harkar crypto ke ci gaba da bunkasa, yana da kyau a tuna cewa alkawarin samun riba mai yawa yana tattare da babban hadari sosai, kodayake ana iya sarrafa hakan cikin kwarewa ta hanyar amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin tsaro da kuma kayan aikin sarrafa kansa don tunkarar wadannan kalubale cikin aminci. Kamar Netts Energy Workspace, wanda zai ba ka damar sarrafa dukkan tsarin hayar Energy ta atomatik cikin sauki ba tare da bukatar sanin yaren kwamfuta (programming) ba: