Fasahohin Da Suka Samar Da Kripto

Kudade na intanet (Cryptocurrencies) suna cikin manyan nasarorin fasaha na zamaninmu, amma tabbas ba su fado daga sama ba. Kamar yadda jirgin sama ba zai yiwu ba ba tare da gano wuta da sarrafa ta ba, kuma intanet ba zai yiwu ba ba tare da shekaru da dama na bincike da bunkasa hanyoyin sadarwa ba, wannan mafarkin na kudin dijital da ba shi da uwa-gida (decentralized) ya zama gaskiya ne kawai ta hanyar hada wasu muhimman fasahohi da aka dade ana samarwa tsawon shekaru.

Wannan rubutun zai bi diddigin tarihin fasahar, yana bayanin yadda kowane ci gaba ya kusantar da mu zuwa ga cikakken tsarin blockchain tun daga fasahar shekarun 1980 zuwa yanzu. Za mu bincika fasahar da ke bayan kudade na intanet, da kuma ingantattun na'urori (hardware) da manhajoji (software) da suka sa hakan ya yiwu — har ma ya zama dole: tun daga muhimman ka'idojin boye bayanai (cryptographic primitives, wato dabarun boye bayanai na zamani) don kiyaye hada-hadar kudi, har zuwa hanyoyin sadarwa na P2P (peer-to-peer) masu 'yancin da za su iya dorewa da wannan matakin na amana ba tare da uwa-gida ba.

Ginshikai: Makullan Jama'a (Public Keys) da Sa hannun Dijital (Digital Signatures)

Tafiyar zuwa ga kudin da ba shi da uwa-gida ta fara ne da tambaya guda: ta yaya za ka iya yin ciniki cikin aminci da wani ta hanyar da ba ta da tsaro, ba tare da sai ka amince da kowa ba? Mafitar ita ce ilimin boye bayanai (cryptography), musamman ma — samar da tsarin boye bayanai na makullin jama'a (public-key cryptography) a shekarun 70 zuwa 80.

A shekarar 1976, Whitfield Diffie da Martin Hellman sun sauya alkiblar komai lokacin da suka wallafa aikinsu kan tsarin boye bayanai na asymmetric (asymmetric cryptography). Sabanin tsoffin hanyoyin boye bayanai na symmetric wadanda ke bukatar bangarorin biyu su mallaki makulli daya na sirri, wannan sabon tsarin zai ba su damar yin sadarwa cikin aminci ta hanyar da ba ta da tsaro.

Wani bincike ne da ya ba ɓangarori biyu damar samar da mabuɗin sirri (secret key) ba tare da sun tura shi tsakaninsu ba — mafita ga matsalar raba mabuɗi (key distribution) wadda ta addabi masana ilimin sirri (cryptologists) tsawon daruruwan shekaru.

Daga nan ne, Ronald Rivest, Adi Shamir da Leonard Adleman suka sami damar tsara tsarin lissafi na RSA (algorithm) a shekarar 1977 (daga sunayen iyalansu). RSA shi ne tsarin farko mai amfani na ɓoye bayanan sirri ta hanyar mabuɗin jama'a (public-key cryptography), wanda ke amfani da rarraba lambobi (prime factorization) a matsayin matsalarsa ta lissafi mai wuya. Tare da kowane irin wannan rukunin mabuɗan, akwai mabuɗin jama'a (public key) wanda — da zarar tsarin lissafin ya samar maka da shi — za ka iya raba shi da kowa a cikin jerin sunayenka; yana ba su damar tura maka saƙonni amma ba ya ba su damar buɗe abin da suka karɓa daga gare ka. Wannan rashin daidaiton (asymmetry) ya kawar da buƙatar musayar mabuɗi cikin tsaro sannan ya ba da damar sadarwa mai aminci tsakanin kowane ɓangarori biyu ba tare da wani shiri na farko ba.

Tasirin ɓoye bayanan sirri ta mabuɗin jama'a (public-key encryption) ya fi girma fiye da fannin ilimin sirri kawai. Ya samar da harsashi ga sa hannun dijital (digital signatures) — wata dabara ta tabbatar da cewa saƙon lantarki na gaskiya ne kuma ba a canza shi ba. Sa hannun dijital yana samar da hanya, tare da ayyukan lissafi na sirri (cryptographic hash functions), don kiyaye hanyoyin hada-hadar kuɗi a duk tsawon amfani da blockchain da kuma hana masu amfani fallasa mabuɗansu na sirri (private keys). Wannan ita ce fasahar da ke kiyaye cryptocurrencies, tana tabbatar da cewa mai walat ɗin dijital ne kawai zai iya kashe darajarsa.

Sa hannun dijital ya sami kulawar ma'auni na hukuma a shekarar 1993 wanda ya ayyana tsari na gama-gari don ginawa da kuma tantance sa hannun dijital da za a yi amfani da shi ba tare da la'akari da tsarin da ake amfani da shi ba. Sa hannun dijital suna hana kashe kuɗi sau biyu a tsarin blockchain, kodayake galibi ana yin watsi da su a tattaunawa game da fasahar blockchain.

Ayyukan Hash da Mutuncin Bayanai: Dandamali zuwa Rashin Sauyi

Ana iya magance matsalar tantancewa ta hanyar amfani da tsarin ɓoye bayanan sirri na jama'a (public-key cryptography), amma ana buƙatar wasu hanyoyin don kiyaye mutuncin bayanai. A nan ne ayyukan hash na sirri (cryptographic hash functions) suka zama dole, domin suna samar da hanyar lissafi don samar da tambarin dijital daga bayanai. Kuna iya sanya kowane girman bayanai a cikin waɗannan ayyukan kuma za su samar da sakamako mai takamaiman girma, yawanci bits 256 don SHA-256. Kodayake sakamakon yana bayyana kamar bazuwar, tabbatacce ne — duk lokacin da kuka sanya bayanai iri ɗaya, za ku sami sakamako iri ɗaya.

Ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar amintattun algorithms na hash ya fara ne a shekarun 1990. Secure Hash Algorithm dangi ne na ayyukan hash na sirri waɗanda hukumar NSA ta buga don amfani da su azaman ma'aunin gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka a shekarar 1993. Sai dai, SHA-1 ya fara nuna rauni kuma tsarin ya koma kan SHA-256, wanda ya zama ma'auni na hashing na sirri. Kuma saboda ya ci waɗannan gwaje-gwajen, SHA-256 kyakkyawan aikin hash ne da za a yi amfani da shi a cikin blockchain: yana da inganci kuma yana da saurin lissafawa, yana samar da sakamako da aka rarraba daidai (idan kuna da bayanai daban-daban guda biyu, da wuya sosai ku sami sakamako iri ɗaya), kuma an tsara shi ya zama marar juyawa — gano ainihin bayanan da aka sanya idan kuna da hash ɗin kawai babban ƙalubale ne na lissafi.

Ana iya amfani da ayyukan hash ta hanyoyi daban-daban masu mahimmanci a cikin tsarin blockchain. Na farko, kowane block yana da hash na block ɗin da ya gabata, yana haɗa su, kuma yana ƙirƙirar alaƙar da ba za a iya canzawa ba. Wannan yana yiwuwa ne saboda idan muka canza hash na block guda ɗaya kawai, dole ne mu sake lissafa duk hash na duk block ɗin da suka gabata."

Don haka, canja bayanan blockchain ya zama abu mai wahala ta fuskar tattalin arziki: mahari zai buƙaci ya mallaki fiye da rabin dukkan ikon sarrafa kwamfuta na hanyar sadarwar domin ya sake rubuta littafin adana bayanai (ledger). Na biyu, ayyukan hash (hash functions) suna ba da damar wanzuwar bishiyoyin Merkle (Merkle trees).

Tsarin bishiyar yana ba da damar tantance cinikayya guda ɗaya a cikin block ba tare da an sauke dukkan blockchain ɗin ba. Abu na ƙarshe amma ba mafi ƙanƙanta ba, ana amfani da siffar tabbaci (deterministic property) ta ayyukan hash a cikin yarjejeniyar tabbatar da aiki (proof-of-work consensus protocols) su ma. Masu hakar ma'adinai (miners) ya kamata su nemo darajojin hash waɗanda suka cika wasu siffofi da aka riga aka ayyana. Wannan yana da tsada ta fuskar ikon sarrafa kwamfuta, amma hanya ce ta adalci kuma ba tare da tsakiya ba: bisa ga wannan tsari, ana zaɓar mai neman block na gaba a cikin jerin (chain) ba tare da wani tsari na musamman ba, kuma hanyar sadarwar ba mutum ɗaya ne ke sarrafa ta ba. Don haka, duk wanda aka zaɓa ba a iya hasashen sa.

Wannan ya nuna ikon tsarin P2P na sauƙaƙa tura bayanai kai tsaye tsakanin masu amfani. Napster (1999), wanda Shawn Fanning da Sean Parker suka kafa, ya nuna cewa za a iya tura fayilolin kiɗa kai tsaye tsakanin masu amfani ta hanyar tsara-da-tsara (peer-to-peer). Kodayake a ƙarshe kotu ta rufe Napster, ya tabbatar da cewa hanyar sadarwa ba tare da tsakiya ba za ta iya samun babban karɓuwa a wurin masu amfani kuma ta ci gaba da aiki. Karɓuwar tsarin P2P kamar BitTorrent ga kowa ya ƙarfafa yanayin komawa ga tsarin gine-gine ba tare da tsakiya ba a matsayin mafita mai amfani ga manhajoji masu girma.

Kasancewar sa wani babban sauyi ta mahangar injiniyan manhaja, hanyoyin sadarwa na P2P sun kafa ƙa'idodin da suka zama taswirar yadda fasahar blockchain ya kamata ta yi aiki. Su ne na farko da suka nuna cewa za a iya kiyaye daidaito koda ba tare da daidaitawa daga tsakiya ba. Na biyu, sun tabbatar da cewa hanyoyin sadarwa za su iya jure gazawar kumburi (node failure), domin rashin wasu ƴan mahalarta ba ya kai tsaye ga rugujewar hanyar sadarwar.

Sun kuma nuna cewa tsarin rarraba bayanai (distributed systems) na iya faɗaɗawa ta hanyar haɓaka a kwance, tare da ƙarin ƙarfin sarrafa bayanai yayin da ake ƙara nodes a cikin hanyar sadarwar.

Hanyoyin sadarwa na blockchain tsarin P2P ne a dabi'ance kuma suna samar da wasu fa'idodi. Dukkan nodes suna sanye da cikakken blockchain, wanda ke da tsarin adana bayanai a wurare da dama (redundant) kuma ba shi da wata gaba guda ɗaya da za ta iya ruguza tsarin baki ɗaya. Sabbin nodes na iya shiga ta hanyar yin kwafin blockchain na kowane node da ke aiki, wanda hakan ke sa dukkan tsarin ya gyara kansa ta atomatik lokacin da rabuwar hanyar sadarwa ta daidaita. Tsarin gine-gine na rarraba bayanai kuma yana sanya babban shamaki ga takunkumi, saboda babu wata hukuma guda ɗaya da za a iya tilastawa — ko ta hanyar sojoji masu makami, taron lauyoyi, ko gwamnatocin da ke amfani da ikon mallaka — don korar wasu ɓangarori ko hana gudanar da hada-hada.

Wannan wata muhimmiyar matsala ce a cikin yanayin rarraba bayanai domin ɓangarorin da ke ciki ba amintattu ba ne tun asali, kuma dole ne a cimma yarjejeniya ta bai-ɗaya kan hada-hadar.

Ana kiran wannan da Matsalar Janar-janar na Byzantine (Byzantine General’s Problem), kuma Leslie Lamport ne ya fara bayyana ta a shekarar 1982 tare da (ko kuma watakila ma ta hannun) Robert Shostak da Marshall Pease. Matsalar ita ce, wasu rukunin janar-janar suna son kai hari a wani birni kuma suna buƙatar su iya tattaunawa da juna game da lokaci da yadda za su yi hakan, amma wasu daga cikinsu na iya zama maciya amana waɗanda za su aika saƙonni masu saɓani kuma su ruguza yarjejeniyar bai-ɗaya.

Matsalar Janar-janar na Byzantine ta wakilci ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan ƙalubale na asali — ta yaya tsarin rarraba bayanai zai iya amincewa kan wata shawara yayin da wasu daga cikin nodes ɗin da ke shiga tsarin za su iya kasancewa masu matsala ko kuma masu mugun nufi?

Wannan matsalar tana bayyana sosai a cikin hanyoyin sadarwa inda ake yin rikodin hada-hadar kudi a kan blockchains, ba tare da wani babban bangare da zai yanke hukunci kan takaddama game da inganci da tsarin yin rikodin hada-hadar ba.

Wasu daga cikin dabarun cimma matsaya (consensus algorithms) na farko sun hada da Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), wanda Miguel Castro da Barbara Liskov suka kirkira a shekarar 1999. Ta hanyar PBFT, tsarin da aka rarraba (distributed system) zai iya ci gaba da aiki yadda ya kamata koda kuwa kashi daya bisa uku na nodes din suna da matsala ko kuma an yi musu kutse. Amma dukkan nodes dole ne su tattauna da kowane node na PBFT, saboda haka ba ya bunkasa yadda ya kamata.

Na farkon ya kunshi amfani da proof-of-work (PoW) domin cimma matsaya a cikin blockchains. Cynthia Dwork da Moni Naor ne suka ba da shawarar hakan a shekarar 1993 a matsayin amsa ga matsalar sakonnin spam na imel, PoW wata shaida ce da ke nuna cewa masu amfani sun gudanar da wasu ayyuka masu wahalar lissafi (a matsayin shaidar kokarin da aka yi don samar da shi) kafin su yi wa hanyar sadarwar hidima. Game da Bitcoin, "masu hakar ma'adinai" (miners) suna yin gasa don warware wani sarkakken wasan kwaikwayo sannan su kara "block" na gaba na hada-hadar kudi zuwa sarka domin samun sabbin bitcoins da aka samar.

PoW ya zama wani shamaki ga matsalar cimma matsaya, domin yana bukatar tsada ga duk wani mai kokarin kai hari ga hanyar sadarwar. Yin katsalandan ga blockchain zai bukaci maharin ya mallaki fiye da rabin dukkan karfin kwamfuta a cikin hanyar sadarwar — wani abu da zai yi tsada sosai. Ko da an yi nasara, zai zama kamar mutum ya harbi kansa a kafa ne idan ya kai hari ga abubuwan da ke da kima a cikin tsarin; hakan zai fitar da su daga kasuwanci.

Kwangiloli Masu Wayo (Smart Contracts): Sarrafa Yarjejeniyoyin Da Ba Sa Bukatar Amintaka

Bitcoin ya kasance wata shaida ce ta ra'ayi (proof-of-concept) don kudin da ba shi da tsakiya, kuma an takaita yaren rubuta umarninsa (scripting language) da gangan domin kauce wa matsalolin tsaro da ka iya tasowa.

An gabatar da kwangiloli masu basira (smart contracts) a shekarar 1994 a matsayin takardu masu aiwatar da kansu tare da sharuɗɗan da aka rubuta kai tsaye a cikin kodi, amma ba su zama masu amfani ba har sai lokacin da Ethereum ya tabbatar da wannan ra'ayin a shekarar 2015.

Kwangiloli masu basira suna sauya yarjejeniyoyin shari'a na gargajiya. Da zarar an cika sharuɗɗan da aka gindaya, kwangiloli masu basira suna aiwatar da kansu kai tsaye ba tare da shisshigin ɗan adam ba. Wannan tsarin sarrafa kansa yana kawar da masu shiga tsakani daga ciniki, yana rage farashin gudanarwa, sannan yana ba da damar samar da hadaddun kayayyakin kuɗi waɗanda a baya ba su yiwuwa.

Ethereum, ta hannun Vitalik Buterin, ya yi nasarar kawo kwangiloli masu basira zuwa babban tsarin blockchain sakamakon kasancewarsa yaren shirye-shiryen kwamfuta na Turing-complete. Masu haɓaka tsarin cryptocurrency da aikace-aikace suna rubuta kwangiloli masu basira a cikin yaren mataki na sama, kamar Solidity, wanda ake mayarwa zuwa bytecode wanda ba ya sauyawa wanda EVM (kuma babu wani) zai iya fassara shi. Yayin da yawancin amfanin blockchain a baya suka kasance mu'amaloli na madaidaiciya, wannan ya yi tsalle kai tsaye zuwa Aikace-aikacen da ba su da Tsakiya (dApps) waɗanda suka haɗa da komai daga DeFi zuwa sarkar samar da kayayyaki (supply chain).

Akwai damuwar injiniya da dama waɗanda dole ne a magance su yayin aiwatar da Kwangiloli masu Basira. Ga EVM, manyan buƙatu biyu sun haɗa da cewa dole ne kodi ya gudana daidai a duk faɗin nodes, kuma ga bayanai iri ɗaya da aka shigar, ya kamata koyaushe ya samar da sakamako iri ɗaya. Na biyu, tsarin ya kamata ya samar da hanyoyin hana "infinite loops" da hare-haren hana sabis (denial of service attacks). Na uku, kwangiloli masu basira kuma suna buƙatar a haɗa su da bayanan waje ta hanyar oracles, waɗanda tsari ne da ke kawo bayanan zahiri na duniya zuwa cikin aikace-aikacen blockchain.

Kwangiloli masu basira kuma sun zo da ƙarin matsalolin tsaro. Ba za a iya gyara kwangiloli masu basira ba da zarar an riga an tura su (ba kamar software na yau da kullun ba), don haka ana ba da muhimmanci sosai kan gwaji da kuma tabbatarwa na ƙa'ida (formal verification).

Kwangiloli masu basira (smart contracts) kuma ba sa canzawa, ma'ana idan akwai kuskure a cikinsu, ba za a iya canza shi ba tare da haifar da munanan abubuwa kamar kutsen DAO na 2016 ba — wanda ya yi sanadiyyar rarrabuwar tsarin (hard fork) mai cike da takaddama a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta Ethereum.

Blockchain na TRON ya fito ne daga wadannan gagaruman ci gaba don zama tsarin blockchain na zamani mai zuwa. Justin Sun ne ya kafa TRON a shekarar 2017, kuma tana da nufin magance matsalolin fadada tsari (scalability) da tsofaffin blockchains ke fuskanta ba tare da yin kasa a gwiwa ba wajen samar da tsaro da rarraba iko (decentralization).

Domin sanya shi ya kasance mai inganci da saukin amfani, an gina TRON ta amfani da sabbin tsare-tsare daban-daban. Hanyar sadarwar tana amfani da tsarin cimma matsaya na Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS), inda masu rike da token ke kada kuri'a ga shaidu (witnesses) wadanda ke kare hanyar sadarwar. Wannan tsarin na iya rage kudin makamashi (Energy) sosai sannan ya tabbatar da tsaro ta fuskar kwarin gwiwa na tattalin arziki (maimakon tsarin PoW).

Daya daga cikin siffofin da aka fi sanin TRON da su ita ce yadda take sarrafa albarkatu, inda ake raba kudade tsakanin Energy da Bandwidth. Ana bukatar Energy don aiwatar da kwangiloli masu basira (smart contracts) sannan Bandwidth na hadahada ta yau da kullum ne. Wannan rarrabuwar tana ba masu amfani damar tsara kudaden su dangane da irin aikace-aikacen hanyar sadarwar da suke son amfani da su, wanda hakan ke sanya hanyar sadarwar ta dace da nau'ikan aikace-aikace daban-daban.

Mene ne tsarin Energy na TRON? TRON tana ba masu amfani damar daskare (freeze) tokens din su na TRX don musanya da Energy, wanda za su iya amfani da shi don hadahadar smart contract kyauta. Wannan shi ne abin da ke ba da damar samun tsarin farashi mai tabbas ga masu haɓakawa (developers) da masu amfani. Ga wadanda ba su ji dadin daskare babban adadin TRX ba, za su iya yin hayar wasu Energy a dandalin TRON don amfani da su na dan lokaci don wasu ayyuka na musamman.

Tsarin fasaha na TRON ya hada da siffofi da dama wadanda ke sanya shi zama dandamali mai saukin fadadawa (scalable).

Hanyar sadarwar na iya sarrafa dubban hada-hadar kudi a kowane sakan guda, wanda ya zarce na Bitcoin mai kusan hada-hada bakwai kacal a sakan guda. TRON yana samun wannan babban saurin ne ta hanyar ingantattun hanyoyin cimma matsaya (consensus methods) da kuma samar da tubalan bayanai (blocks) cikin sauri.

An kuma samar da hanyar sadarwar da harsunan shirye-shirye (programming languages) masu saukin sauyawa don samar da kwangiloli masu basira (smart contracts) kamar Solidity, wanda hakan ke jan hankalin masu samar da manhajoji na Ethereum. Hadin gwiwa tsakanin TRON da Ethereum wani babban siffa ne, tare da cikakken dacewa tsakanin dApps na cikin TRON da na cikin ETH don rage kudin sauya sheka da kuma inganta ayyukan masu amfani.

Ayyukan Hayar Makamashi (Energy): Ingantaccen Misalin Amfani da Raba Albarkatun TRON

Tsarin hayar Makamashi (Energy) a cikin TRON kamar wani nau'i ne na raba albarkatu ta hanyar amfani da fasahar zamani wacce ke amfanar masu samar da Makamashi da kuma masu amfani da shi. Ta hanyar daskarar da (freezing) TRX, masu amfani suna da damar samun Makamashi don amfanin kansu ko kuma su bayar da hayar/sayar da albarkatunsu ga masu samar da manhajoji (developers) wadanda ba su da isasshen karfin sarrafa bayanai.

Yin hayar Makamashi a cikin TRON ya fi amfani da tsarin biyan kudade na yau da kullum. Yana ba da damar samun daidai adadin Makamashin da ake bukata don takamaiman ayyuka ba tare da bukatar rike kudaden intanet (tokens) na dogon lokaci ba.

Sabis din hayar Makamashi kuma yana kawo saukin tsadar kasuwanci ga dApps da ke gudana a cikin TRON. Yin hayar Makamashi (maimakon kona TRX) na iya adana babban jari ga kamfanoni. Wannan ne ya sa TRON ya zama mai karfin tattalin arziki, tare da misalan amfani da suka hada da wuraren musayar kudaden intanet (exchanges), hanyoyin biyan kudi, da kuma kayayyakin DeFi.

Netts API v2: Saukaka Hadaka (Integration)

Don saukaka hada hayar Makamashi cikin manhajoji, dandamali kamar Netts sun bayyana, suna ba da APIs masu karfi wadanda ke tafiyar da mafi yawan sarkakiyar ga masu samar da manhajoji.

Tare da Netts API v2, masu haɓakawa da ayyuka suna da ingantattun kayan aiki don sarrafa albarkatun Makamashin TRON (TRON Energy) cikin mafi inganci.

API ɗin yana ba wa aikace-aikace farashin Makamashi na kowane lokaci, ta yadda za su iya yanke shawarar lokacin da kuma adadin Makamashin da za su yi hayarsa. Wannan tsarin farashin (pricing script) da kansa yana taimakawa wajen rage farashi (ta hanyar taimakawa wajen gano hanya mafi arha don samun albarkatun Makamashi). Wannan tsarin farashi mai sarrafa kansa yana ba da fa'idodi guda uku: yana sanya ido kan yanayin kasuwar kuɗi don hana biyan kuɗi fiye da kima, yana inganta raba albarkatu, kuma yana ba da hasashen abubuwan da za su faru nan gaba.

Tare da Netts API v2, ana iya tura wannan a matsayin babban tsarin magance matsala (enterprise-grade solution) don aikace-aikace da dama da ke amfani da TRON. Haka kuma, yana yiwuwa sarrafa wutar lantarki mai sarrafa kansa a kan cinikin USDT zai iya rage farashin gudanar da musayar kuɗi. Aikace-aikacen DeFi za su iya ci gaba, ta hanyar zama mafi inganci a cikin mu'amalarsu ta kwangilar fasaha (smart contract) ta hanyar tsara kasafin kuɗi tsakanin kiran ayyuka. Hayar Makamashi na iya ba wa masu sarrafa biyan kuɗi damar rage farashin hada-hadar kuɗi. Sarrafa Makamashi mai sarrafa kansa yana da amfani musamman ga mutum-mutumin ciniki (trading bots) masu yin cinikin derivatives mai saurin gaske a cikin rana ɗaya don tabbatar da kwanciyar hankalin gudanarwa.

Kammalawa: Haɗuwar Fasahohi

Kuɗaɗen intanet (Cryptocurrencies) sakamako ne na shekaru da dama na haɗa ci gaba a fannoni daban-daban na fasahar sadarwa (IT). Ko dai tushen ɓoye bayanan sirri (encryption) na shekarun 1970 da 1980, ko kuma hanyoyin sadarwa na peer-to-peer a shekarun 1990, kowace fasaha ta wakilci ci gaba zuwa ga abin da ya zama blockchain. Algorithm na yarjejeniya (Consensus algorithms) su ne martani ga Matsalar Janar-janar na Byzantine (Byzantine Generals' Problem), suna ba da hanyar samun amintacciyar yarjejeniya a cikin tsarin da aka rarraba (distributed systems).

Kwangiloli masu basira (Smart contracts) sun kawo sarkakiyar yarjejeniyoyi tsakanin mutane fiye da daya kuma sun sanya su a kan tsarin sarrafa kansu, ta yadda amfaninsu zai wuce kawai saukakun hada-hadar kudi a kan fasahar blockchain.

TRON tana gina ne a kan wadannan harsasai yayin da take aiwatar da sabbin ra'ayoyi kamar tsarin hayar Makamashi (Energy rental model), wanda ke kara inganci da kuma saukin shiga dandalin. Netts API v2 yana nuna yadda kayan aiki na zamani za su iya saukaka wannan tsari, ta hanyar bai wa masu samar da manhajoji da kamfanoni damar yin amfani da manyan fasahohi kamar wakilci na atomatik (automatic delegation) da kuma sanya ido kan ayyuka a lokaci guda ba tare da bukatar zurfin sani a fannin blockchain ba. Binciken AML da aka sanya a cikin sabis din:

Yayin da fasahar blockchain ke ci gaba da bunkasa, sabbin tsararraki za su gina a kan wadannan fasahohi na asali wadanda suka sa kudin intanet (cryptocurrency) ya zama mai yiwuwa. Wannan yanayi na tattalin arzikin crypto, wanda ba shi da cibiya daya (decentralized) kuma yake sarrafa kansa, wanda ya dauki shekaru ana nazari kafin a samar da shi, ya kafa harsashi mai karfi wajen ayyana sabon salon harkokin kudi na dijital a nan gaba. Fasahar da ta sauya alkibla wadda ta ba da damar kudin intanet tana ci gaba da bunkasa, tare da sabbin kirkire-kirkire da ke fitowa kullum, kuma juyin juya halin blockchain yanzu ne ma ya fara.