Salon Tallan Kripto irin na Motoci: Karairayin da ke Cutar da Al'umma

Ya fara ne da rada, sannan ya koma gunaguni, daga karshe kuma ya zama ruri. Wani sabon token ya bayyana a kasuwannin musayar kudi na bai-daya (decentralized exchanges), wanda aka ce zai kawo sauyi a harkar wasannin bidiyo da kudi — ko kuma dai abin da suke fada kenan. Mashahuran mutane a kafofin sada zumunta (influencers) masu mabiya miliyoyi suna wallafa emojis na roka masu ban mamaki, suna kuma ba mabiyansu shawarar cewa wannan shi ne “next 100x gem.” Server din Discord cike yake da hayaniya, inda mabiya masu kishin gaske suke musayar memes da mafarkin samun dukiya. Wannan tallan ba a bar John a baya ba, wani dan karamin mai saka jari (retail investor) mai aikin ofis na yau da kullum. Ya dade yana dan taba harkar crypto, yana fatan samun kudin da zai biya bashin gidansa.

Ya shiga (log in) kuma nan take ya ji kamar yana gida a cikin server din. Akwai wani irin karsashi na ban mamaki a wurin; mutum zai ji kamar kowa na tare ne kuma suna cikin wani abu da duniya mai girman kai da lalacewa ba ta riga ta fahimta ba. Wannan zumunci da jin cewa kana cikin kungiya mai nasara, ya sa ya saki jiki ya daina fargaba. Ya karanta tsarin aikin (roadmap) na aikin mai cike da buri, ya ga dabarun tallatawa masu kayatarwa, sannan ya gaya wa kansa cewa wannan ita ce damarsa. Ya zuba wasu dubban daloli — adadi mai yawa a gare shi. Farashin token din ya yi tashin gwauron zabi. John ya ji kansa kamar wani gwanin basira na wasu yan kwanaki. Amma yanzu jadawalin (chart) ya nuna maka dogon jan layi daya a tsaye cikin dare daya. Farashin ya fadi da kashi 99%. Wallets din masu kirkirar aikin (developers) sun kwashe kudin. Babu sauran server din Discord, sannan shafin Twitter ya bace. Hannun jarin John yanzu ba shi da amfani, kuma ya ji rauni sosai saboda cin amanar da aka yi masa kamar yadda ya ji radadin asarar kudin.

Wannan labari ya sha maimaita kansa a duniyar cryptocurrency, wani lokacin da dan sauyi kadan. Masu kirkirar aikin ba wai sun yi kutse (hack) a wani tsari (protocol) ba ne ko kuma sun karya wani lambar sirri ta cryptographic. Kawai dai sun yi karya ne. Sun yi tallan karya, sun yi alkawuran da ba za su taba cika ba, sannan suka bace da kudin — abin da ake kira “rug pull” a yaren wannan harka.

Abin da suka aikata rashin gaskiya ne kuma ya saba wa ka'idojin dabi'u, amma galibi yana fada ne cikin wani yanayi na shari'a mai sarkakiya wanda ba a fayyace shi ba.

Ba muna magana ne a kan bayyanannun laifuka ba — kamar kutse a dandalin musayar kudi (exchange hacks), hare-haren ransomware — wadanda tuni suke da ma'anoni da tsare-tsare na hukunta masu laifi. Ba muna magana ne a kan dabarun yaudara na lokaci-lokaci wadanda ake kau da kai daga gare su saboda dokoki ba su riga sun yi daidai da ci gaban fasaha ba. Barka da zuwa duniyar dabarun tallan motoci a harkar crypto, wata fasaha ce da ke zuwa da samfur na dijital; dakin baje koli kusan a ko'ina a duniya; da kuma karairayi da ake yadawa cikin sauri kamar walƙiya, amma wadanda za su iya barin wadanda abin ya shafa cikin mawuyacin hali na kudi da na zuciya a cikin wannan lokaci na jinkirin fasahar kudi (fintech). Labarin da ake yadawa game da wannan fanni shi ne cewa wuri ne mai hatsari kamar dajin "wild west", inda kowane bako zai iya zama dan damfara kuma kowane aiki (project) tamkar bam ne da ke jiran ya tashi.

Salon Yaudara

Ayyukan wadannan 'yan damfara na intanet suna da yawa kuma suna da matukar illa. Ba dukkan damfara ba ne ke kasancewa a matsayin "rug pulls" na fili: Wasu ayyukan suna mutuwa ne a hankali yayin da masu kirkira (developers) marasa suna suke kwashe kudaden "tokens" na kungiyarsu a cikin watanni, suna fitar da bayanan karya na ci gaban aikin don kawai su nuna kamar ana samun ci gaba. Akwai ayyukan non-fungible token (NFT) wadanda ke gabatar da manyan tsare-tsare (roadmaps) masu alkawarin wasannin bidiyo da kwarewar metaverse, amma sai su yi watsi da su da zarar an sayar da aikin; inda masu kirkirar ba sa samar da komai in ban da hoton JPEG kawai.

Wata shahararriyar damfara ta hada da abin da ake kira “wash trading,” wanda hanya ce da 'yan damfara ke amfani da ita wajen saya da sake sayar da wata kadara, kamar kudin crypto ko wani abu na dijital, tsakanin walat-walat din su na kansu. Wannan yana ba da ra'ayin cewa akwai yawan ciniki (trading volume) da kudi (liquidity) sosai, ta yadda ake yaudarar masu zuba jari cewa akwai bukatar wannan kadarar sosai. Daidai yake da hayar taron mutane su tsaya a wajen sabon shago a intanet, don kawai ya nuna kamar shagon ya shahara.

Mun kuma shaida masu tasiri marasa adadi wadanda ake biyan dubun-dubatar daloli don tallata (shill) wani token, amma suna yin hakan ba tare da gaya wa mabiyansu cewa su kansu suna zubar da wadannan token din (whale-dumping) a kansu ba tare da sun sani ba. Wannan ba zargin fasahar ba ne; zargi ne na dabi'un dan adam, wanda tsarin da ke boye shi cikin sauki kuma yake hukunta daukar alhaki da tsanani ya karfafa.

Wannan ba matsala ce da ke akwai kawai a duniyar cryptocurrency ba. Wannan tsarin da ya kafu — dangantaka tsakanin masu sayarwa da masu saya masu matsananciyar bukata, inda ake bayar da bayanai ba tare da daidaito ba, kuma bangaren da ya fi matsuwa yake karya kariya da aka yi don kare shi daga kansa — yana maimaita kansa a kowace masana'anta mai babban hadari da ke cike da rashin daidaiton bayanai. Yi tunani game da dillalin motocin da aka riga aka yi amfani da su — yana jingina da wata mota mai lankwasa, amma aka goge ta ta yi sheki. “Tana tafiya kamar a mafarki!” in ji shi, yana mai kau da kai daga ambaton karar da Dan damfara a harkar crypto na iya damfarar dubban mutane a kasashe da dama a lokaci guda — duk daga bayan madannin kwamfuta yana boye a bayan hoton avatar na ban dariya. Rashin mu'amala ta ido-da-ido da kuma yanayin kasuwar na kasa da kasa wanda ba shi da iyaka, tare da sarkakiyar fasahar kanta, duk sun hadu wajen samar da yanayi mai kyau ga miyagu. Wadanda abin ya shafa, wadanda yawanci ba su da inda za su kai kukan su, sun rasa kudaden su a cikin sarkakiyar walat-walat (wallets) masu amfani da sunayen bogi.

Rashin Daukar Alhaki

A inda barna ke faruwa, ana matukar bukatar daukar alhaki amma babu shi. A cikin kasuwannin kudi da suka bunkasa, hukumomin da ke kula da harkokin kudi kamar Hukumar Kasuwancin Hannun Jari ta Amurka (SEC) sun samar tare da tace dokoki don hana damfarar masu zuba jari ko yaudarar su. Akwai tsauraran dokoki game da bayyana gaskiya, tallace-tallace, da kuma bayar da rahotanni. Idan kamfani ya yaudari masu zuba jarin sa, shugabannin kamfanin na iya fuskantar manyan tara har ma da zaman gidan yari.

A cikin duniyar da ba ta da tsakiya (decentralized) kamar crypto, irin wannan tsarin dokoki da aka fayyace yana nan har yanzu a matakin jariri. Masu damfara suna gudanar da ayyukansu ne a wani yanki da babu ikon doka a kansa: Yawanci suna kaddamar da ayyukansu ne daga kasashen da ke da karancin dokoki da sa ido, da nufin yaudarar mutane a fadin duniya. Kokarin amfani da dokokin hannun jari na karni na 20 ga kadarorin dijital na karni na 21 ya zama wani tsari mai tafiyar hawainiya da wahala ga gwamnatoci a fadin duniya. Manufar raba iko (decentralization) kanta, a matsayin kalma, abu ne mai karfi kuma mai ban takaici domin masu damfara suna yawan amfani da ita — cikin yaudara — don bayyana tsare-tsarensu.

Za su ce “mallakar al'umma ne” ko kuma cewa “kungiya ce mai cin gashin kanta wadda ba ta da tsakiya” (DAO) amma suna da makullan asusun ajiya kuma suna iya kwashe shi a duk lokacin da suke so.

Wannan rashin daukar alhaki yana haifar da tunanin "mai saya ya yi hattara," wanda zai iya karfafa daukar nauyi na kashin kai, amma ba kariya ce mai karbuwa ba ga zamba mai wayo da kuma samun tallafin kudi mai yawa. Tunanin cewa dole ne ka zama mai binciken kwakwaf na blockchain domin kada a yaudare ka, tsammani ne da bai dace ba ga matsakaicin mutum.

Nagartattun ayyuka suna fafatawa don samun kulawa da amana a cikin teku na zamba. Sau da yawa muryar ayyukan gaskiya tana mutuwa saboda hayaniyar ayyukan zamba. Wannan tsoro da shakka suna rage saurin karbuwar fasahar, kuma a sakamakon haka, mutanen da ke da jari ba sa samun damar saka hannun jari a cikin mafi kyawun ayyuka masu manufa ta gaskiya, kamar sabbin kasuwannin TRON Energy da ake samarwa a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta TRON ta hanyar karbuwa daga tushe. Kasuwar hayar makamashi (Energy) mai dorewa kuma ingantacciya ta dogara ne akan amincewar masu amfani, kuma duk lokacin da wata babbar zamba ta mamaye labarai, kwarin gwiwa yana fara raguwa. Lokacin da sabbin masu amfani suka tafka asara a zambar memecoin, ba lallai ne su tsaya su binciki sassa masu sarkakiya amma na gaskiya na tsarin (ecosystem) ba.

Hasken Bege: Ana Hukunta Masu Mummunar Niyya

Amma bayan duk wannan, wani abu ya fara canzawa. Tunanin cewa duniyar crypto daji ce kawai mara doka yana dauke da darussa. Mun kuma fara ganin misalan yadda ake hukunta masu mummunar niyya, wanda ke nuna cewa wannan matsala ce da za a iya magance ta.

Daga cikin manyan shari'o'in akwai na OneCoin, wani babban tsarin damfara na Ponzi a karkashin sunan cryptocurrency wanda ya yaudari masu zuba jari biliyoyin daloli. Wanda ya kafa shi, Ruja Ignatova, an san cewa ta bace (ko da yake ba a manta da ita ba); amma an kama abokan huldar ta da masu tallata ta da yawa, an yi musu shari'a kuma an tura su gidan yari.

Shari'ar OneCoin ba a gurfanar da ita a matsayin laifin kudin intanet (cryptocurrency) ba, a'a, an yi hakan ne a matsayin wata gagarumar damfara ta kudi — wanda hakan ke nuna cewa idan wani tsari mai alaka da kudin intanet ya koma tsohon salon laifi bayyananne, tsarin shari'a zai iya kuma zai shiga tsakani.

Dangane da batutuwan "marasa tabbas amma ba haramtattu ba," hukumomin daidaitawa da dama suna sanya idanu kan masu neman zama mashahuran kafofin sada zumunta (influencers) saboda hannunsu a tallace-tallacen kadarorin kudin intanet cikin hanzari. A baya, hukumar SEC ta shigar da kara kan wasu fitattun mutane da ake zargi da rashin bayyana cewa ana biyan su kudi don tallata wasu takamaiman kudaden intanet (tokens). Wadannan matakan tabbatar da doka yawanci ana bin jagorancin "Gwajin Howey" (Howey Test) ne, wanda wani tsohon tsarin shari'a ne da ake amfani da shi wajen tantance ko wani abu takardar hannun jari (security) ne.

A takaice, idan mutane suna hada kudi a cikin wata sana'a ta bai-daya da nufin samun riba daga kokarin wasu, to tabbas wannan takardar hannun jari (security) ce kuma tana karkashin ka'idojin SEC. Ta hanyar amfani da wannan gwaji akan kadarorin kudin intanet, hukumomi sun kuduri aniyar nuna cewa tsofaffin dokokin kudi har yanzu suna aiki. Wadannan shari'o'i, wadanda ke haifar da manyan tara, suna isar da sako bayyananne: Tallata takardar hannun jari ba tare da bayyana hakan yadda ya kamata ba ya saba wa doka. Wannan ba zai hana aikin zama mummunan jari ba, amma yana taimakawa wajen tabbatar da cewa lokacin da ake tallatawa masu amfani kai tsaye, mutane sun san abin da ke faruwa. Wannan wani muhimmin mataki ne na farko, daga yanayin rashin daukar nauyi zuwa wanda akwai dokokin hanya na tallace-tallace da ingantawa. Wadannan shari'o'i sun nuna cewa tare da kokarin hukumomi da kotuna, za a iya cike gibin rashin daukar nauyi.

Gina Al'umma akan Aminci

Babban mafita ba ta ta'allaka ne ga cire hukumomin daidaitawa gaba daya ba. Hanya daya tilo ta samun tsarin kudin intanet (crypto ecosystem) mai karfi da aminci ita ce ta hanyar amfani da tsare-tsaren da al'umma suka samar da kansu. Al'umma su ne suka fi cancanta su ware miyagun mutane sannan su inganta ayyuka na gaskiya.

Wannan yana buƙatar matakai daban-daban.

Na farko shi ne ƙarfafa al'adar tsarin sa ido da kiyaye dokoki da kai. Wannan ya riga ya fara faruwa ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin sa ido da al'umma ke jagoranta waɗanda ke tasowa a yanzu, masu binciken kan-shinge (on-chain sleuths) da sauran waɗanda ke bin diddigi tare da fallasa walat ɗin masu damfara a fili, da kuma kamfanonin binciken kuɗi (audit firms) waɗanda ke duba lambobin kwangila mai basira (smart contract code) don gano kura-kurai. Samar da ƙa'idodin masana'antu don gaskiya — kamar takamaiman jadawalin raba kason kuɗi (vesting schedules) na alamun (tokens) ƙungiya ko walat ɗin sa hannu-da-yawa (multi-signature wallets) na fili don kuɗaɗen ayyuka — na iya zama hanyar raba masu neman kuɗin gaggawa da masu gina ayyuka na gaske. Yayin da sahihan ayyuka ke ƙara nuna gaskiya idan aka zo batun sauran fannoni, ayyukan da ba su da tabbas za su ƙara bayyana a matsayin marasa kyau idan aka kwatanta su.

Sauran amsar, kuma wataƙila mafi mahimmanci, ita ce ilimi. Matakin ba zai tsaya kawai ga yi wa sababbin shiga gargaɗi kan abin da bai kamata su yi ba, a maimakon haka, dole ne al'umma su ilimantar da sababbin shiga game da abin da ya kamata su yi. Babban makiyin mai damfara shi ne mai saka hannun jari wanda yake da ilimi.

Akwai alamun gargaɗi (red flags) masu mahimmanci da yawa waɗanda kowa zai iya koyon ganewa. Na farko, wanda ya fi fitowa fili, shi ne ƙungiyar da aka ƙirƙira ta bogi. Idan mutanen da ke bayan wani aiki ba za su sanya sunayensu na gaske da mutuncinsu a kai ba, ya kamata ka yi mamakin dalilin hakan. Wani alamar gargaɗin kuma shi ne tabbacin samun riba mai yawa wadda ba za ta yiwu ba. Dukkanin saka hannun jari suna da haɗari kuma duk wani aiki da ya yi iƙirarin akasin haka, to tabbas damfara ce. Kuma, na ƙarshe amma ba mafi ƙanƙanta ba, masu saka hannun jari ya kamata su yi shakku kan duk wani aiki da ba shi da wata manufa face neman shahara. Aikin da yake da takardar bayani (whitepaper), yana da samfurin da ke aiki, kuma ya bayyana a taƙaice abin da zai yi, koyaushe ya fi wanda ƙimarsa ta dogara ne kawai ga barkwancin intanet (memes) da tallan masu tasiri (influencer marketing). Al'umma za su iya gina kariya mai ƙarfi daga yaudara ta hanyar haɓaka tunani mai zurfi da bincike na tsanaki (due diligence).

Amincewa ita ce ginshikin kowane tsarin kuɗi, kuma domin kripto ya kai ga cikakkiyar damarsa, dole ne a neme shi, a kare shi, kuma a haɓaka shi.

A cikin tattalin arzikin dijital mai cunkoso, gano kayan aiki masu amfani mai sauƙi kuma bayyananne yana da matuƙar mahimmanci. Idan kana aiki a cikin iyakokin kasuwar TRON, misali, sarrafa kuɗin hada-hada kawai zai iya zama babban ƙalubale. Wannan shi ne inda ayyuka kamar Netts Energy Charge Bot suke shigowa, suna samar da bayyananniyar mafita. Masu amfani za su iya saka TRX sannan bot ɗin zai cika walat ɗinsu cikin sauƙi da Energy wanda ake buƙata don tura USDT, ta hakan yana rage kuɗin da ake kashewa.