Haɓakar Ethereum: Cikin Cikakken Bayani

Wannan ba labari ne kawai na bayanan fasaha da ake rubutawa a littafin adana bayanan blockchain ko wani jadawalin kudi da ke nuna darajar farashin kadara ba; wannan wani babban tsari ne mai sarkakiya da ke gabanmu: sauyin akida da sake fasalin zamanin dijital.

Domin fahimtar girman yadda ya haura cikin sauri, ya zama dole a fara da labarin dan adam — dukiya da aka samu da kuma wadda aka rasa a cikin mawuyacin halin sauyin farashinsa. Babu inda aka nuna hakan a fili kamar a farkon kwanakin wannan tsarin. A wancan lokacin, aikin wani ra'ayi ne kawai da ba a gwada ba, "kwamfutar duniya" wadda ke rayuwa ne kawai a cikin dogayen takardun bayani (white papers) da kuma cikin zukatan wasu rukunin masu samar da manhaja daban-daban. An sayar da Ether akan cent 31 kowane guda daya a lokacin sayarwa ga jama'a.

Yi tunanin wani injiniyan manhaja ko mai sha'awar ilimin cryptography wanda aka gabatar masa da ra'ayin kudin da za a iya tsara yadda yake aiki, wanda kuma yake da sha'awar zuba dala dubu biyu — kudin aljihu ga yawancin ma'aikata — a cikin wannan kudin na gwaji. Da sun sami kusan ether 6450. Wannan jarin wataƙila ya bayyana a matsayin shirme, ko ma fiye da haka, wauta na tsawon shekaru yayin da farashi ke ta faman sauyawa sosai, har ma ya taba faduwa kasa da dala daya a farkon kwanakin.

Idan muka duba gaba zuwa lokacin faduwar kasuwa a tsakiyar shekarun 2020, lokacin da aka sayar da Ether cikin sauki akan dubban daloli. Wancan hadarin na dala 2,000 na farko daga baya ya koma asusun jari na miliyoyin daloli. Wannan ba tatsuniya ba ce; wannan gaskiya ce ga rukunin mutanen da suka fara amfani da shi, masu hakar kudi a gida wadanda ke da na'urorin GPU a garejin su, da kuma masu samar da manhaja da suka karbi ETH a matsayin ladan aiki lokacin da darajarsa ba ta kai ta kofin shayin safe ba. Ba kwatsam wannan mika dukiya ya faru ba; a maimakon haka, sakamako ne na kasancewa gaba da kowa wajen fahimtar juyin juya hali a duniyar dijital kafin kowa ya farka ya gane hakan.

Mun ga hakan ya sake faruwa a lokacin habakar NFT na shekarar 2021.

Akwai masu fasahar dijital waɗanda ba su taɓa sanin yadda za su samu kuɗi daga ayyukansu ba, sai kwatsam suka zama mutane mafi daraja a cikin wani sabon tsarin tattalin arziki. Mai fasahar da ya sami damar sayar da wani aikin dijital akan ƴan Ether a farkon shekarar 2020 zai zama hamshaƙin mai kuɗi kawai ta hanyar riƙe waɗancan kuɗaɗen a duk tsawon lokacin da kasuwa take hauhawa (bull run).

Tsarin samar da arziki na Ethereum ba wai kawai mallakar kadarar ba ne; ya haɗa da shiga cikin tattalin arzikin da ya samar. Ko ta hanyar “yield farming” a cikin tsarin kuɗi na bai-ɗaya (decentralized finance) ko kuma ƙirƙirar (minting) tarin ayyuka na farko, hanyar sadarwar ta saka wa masu mu’amala da ita da babban jarin da ke canza rayuwa. Amma idan kawai kana kallon kuɗin ne, to kana rasa babban dalilin da ya sa Ethereum ya rayu yayin da dubban sauran ayyuka suka ruguje.

Babban Banbanci: Kalkuleta vs. Wayar Salula

Domin fahimtar yadda da kuma dalilin da ya sa Ethereum ya yi fice, dole ne mu fara bambance tsakaninsa da wanda ya riga shi: Bitcoin. Bambancin yana da girma kuma yana da tushe, amma yawancin jama'a ba su fahimce shi ba. Idan Bitcoin zinari ne na dijital — wato ma’ajiyar daraja mai cin gashin kanta kuma wadda ba ta canzawa, wadda za a iya riƙewa da kiyayewa amma ba za a iya amfani da ita ga wasu abubuwa da yawa ba — to Ethereum man fetur ne na dijital, ko kuma aƙalla kwamfuta ta duniya.

Bitcoin kalkuleta ce; tana da ƙarfi kuma tana yin abu ɗaya ne kawai: lissafin daraja. An yi nufin ya zama ‘ingantaccen kuɗi’ (sound money) wanda gwamnati ba ta iko da shi, kuma yana aiki ne akan tsarin UTXO wanda yake kama da tsabar kuɗi. Kana da takardar kuɗi; ka biya, sannan a ba ka canji.

Sabanin haka, Ethereum wayar salula ce (smartphone) — wani dandamali ne da kowa zai iya gina manhaja (app) a kai — wanda ya faɗaɗa hanyoyin amfani da hanyar sadarwar da ke ƙarƙashinsa. Lokacin da Bitcoin yake tashe, fagen ya kasance game da kuɗi ne. Lokacin da Ethereum ya fara fice, fagen ya koma kan amfani (utility).

Tsarin ginin (architecture) shi ne bambancin. Harshen rubuta umarni (scripting language) na Bitcoin an takaita shi da gangan domin ba da fifiko ga tsaro da sauƙin amfani.

Kuna iya aika wasu kaddarori, ƙirƙirar hada-hadar sa hannu da yawa (multisig) da kuma kulle kuɗi na wani lokaci, amma ba abin da ya wuce haka. Tsari ne na "tura" (push) don biyan kuɗi.

Kuma, Ethereum ya kawo "Turing Completeness" zuwa ga hanyar sadarwarsa. Wannan yana nufin cewa duk wani abu da ya dogara da dabaru (logic) wanda za a iya tsara shi — kamar loops, bayanan sharadi na if-then, da hadaddun algorithms — yanzu za su iya rayuwa a kan blockchain. Wannan ya buɗe hanya ga ka'idojin bayar da rance ba tare da tsakiya ba (decentralized lending protocols), masu samar da kasuwa ta atomatik (automatic market makers), kwangilolin inshora, da tsarin tantance asalin mutum na dijital.

Muhawarar, a tsakanin masu ra'ayin Bitcoin kawai (Bitcoin maximalists), ita ce sarkakiya tana sanya ka kasance cikin haɗari (gaskiya ne ta fuskar fasaha). "Faɗin harin" (attack surface) na Ethereum yana da girman da ba shi da iyaka, wanda ya fi na Bitcoin girma nesa ba kusa ba. Amma hujjar Ethereum ita ce sarkakiya ita ce uwar ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire.

A ƙarshe kasuwa ta yanke shawarar cewa duka ayyukan biyu suna da kima, amma salon "shagon manhaja" (app store) na Ethereum ya ba da damar mamaye wani sashe na daban na tattalin arzikin duniya. Ya kasance kamar akwatin "Digital Lego" don aikin injiniyan kuɗi, wanda ke ba masu haɓaka damar haɗa ƙa'idoji daban-daban don gina sabbin kayayyakin kuɗi waɗanda ba su yiwu ba a baya. Yayin da Bitcoin ya tambayi "Mene ne kuɗi?", Ethereum ya gabatar da sabuwar tambaya: "Me kuɗi zai iya yi?"

Farkon Al'amura: Wahayin Matashi da Gidan Miami

Wahayin Ethereum ya fara bayyana shekaru da dama kafin a ƙaddamar da hanyar sadarwar a hukumance a shekarar 2015. Ya zo duniya ne a matsayin ra'ayi a cikin kan wani matashi: Vitalik Buterin mai shekaru goma sha tara. A shekarar 2013, Buterin yana ziyartar masu haɓaka Bitcoin da masu sha'awar sa a duk faɗin duniya tun daga Isra'ila har zuwa San Francisco.

Ya kasance marubuci a Bitcoin Magazine, wanda ya zurfafa sosai a cikin al'adun harkar, kuma labari ya nuna cewa shakkar da yake da ita game da ikon da aka tattara a wuri guda (centralized power) ta samo asali ne lokacin da kamfanin Blizzard Entertainment ya soke wani tsafi (spell) daga jaruminsa na "Warlock" da yake so a wasan World of Warcraft.

Wannan ƙaramin lamari ne ya ba shi fahimtar haɗarin da ke tattare da sabobin da aka tattara ikonsu a wuri guda (centralized servers). Ya yanke shawarar cewa tsarin Bitcoin (Bitcoin protocol), duk da irin gagarumin sauyin da ya kawo, yana da wahalar amfani da shi ga manhajojin da yake da su a rai: kamar "Colored Coins", ko Mastercoin. Ya ba da shawarar samar da yaren rubuta lambobin kwamfuta (scripting language) wanda zai ba da damar gina manhajoji a kan tsarin Bitcoin, amma manyan masu haɓaka tsarin (core developers) sun yi watsi da ra'ayin saboda tsoron kada hakan ya haifar da rauni a tsaro ko kuma ya nauyaya hanyar sadarwar (network).

Ba tare da ya karaya ba, Buterin ya fara ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar nasa blockchain ɗin. A nan ne aka samu rarrabuwa. Wani babban ƙarfin hali ne ga matashi ya yi ƙoƙarin sauya tsarin ginin Bitcoin da aka riga aka kafa, wannan halin na rashin tsoro ne ya rura wutar juyin juya hali na biyu a duniyar cryptocurrency.

Yanayin kwanakin farko ya kasance cike da hargitsi da kuma zumuɗi. Waɗanda suka kafa tsarin, waɗanda suka haɗa da mutane kamar Gavin Wood, Charles Hoskinson, Anthony Di Iorio da Joseph Lubin, duk sun tare a wani gidan haya a Miami a kusan lokacin taron The North American Bitcoin Conference a farkon shekarar 2014. A can ne, a cikin yanayi mai zafi da kuma hayaniyar jama'a, aikin ya fara samun siffa ta gaske.

Ba wai kawai ƙirƙirar kuɗi (coin) suke yi ba; suna gina tsarin gudanarwa ne wanda ba shi da cibiya guda (decentralized operating system). "Kwamfutar Duniya" (World Computer) shi ne taken su. Sun yi tunanin duniyar da ba za a buƙaci masu shiga tsakani kamar bankuna, lauyoyi, da jami'an notary ba, saboda tsarin lambobin kwamfuta (code) da ke bayyane ga kowa.

An samu saɓani sosai a tsakanin tawagar da ta kafa tsarin. Charles Hoskinson ya so a samar da ƙungiya mai neman riba kamar Google wadda za ta riƙa ɗaukar nauyin haɓaka tsarin. Sai dai, hangen nesa na Vitalik Buterin shi ne yin amfani da tsarin gidauniya (foundation) wadda ba ta neman riba don tabbatar da cewa hanyar sadarwar (network) ta kasance amfanin jama'a ne baki ɗaya. Wannan takaddama ta yi sanadiyyar ficewar Hoskinson (wanda daga baya zai samar da Cardano), inda hakan ya tabbatar da Ethereum a matsayin aikin al'umma.

Bayan taron Miami, an koma Zug, Switzerland — wanda kuma aka sani da “Crypto Valley.” A nan ne aka kafa Gidauniyar Ethereum (Ethereum Foundation). A lokaci guda, Gavin Wood ya fitar da “Yellow Paper”, wani rubutun fasaha wanda daga baya ya bayyana Injin Ethereum na Zahiri (EVM). Lambobin tsarin (code) suna da muhimmanci kamar wannan takardar domin sun ba da tabbacin lissafi cewa mutum zai samu dukkan wadancan siffofin. Shi ne samfurin farko na injin da zai sarrafa sabuwar intanet.

Frontier da Wild West

Matakan farko sun kasance cike da hadurran fasaha. An kaddamar da hanyar sadarwar a watan Yuli na 2015 tare da wani tsari da aka kira “Frontier.” Tsari ne mai sauki ba tare da wani ado ba, inda layin umarni (command line) bai samar da wata kariya ta hoto ba. Ya kasance kamar “Wild West.” Idan ka yi kuskure a cikin lambobin tsarinka, ka rasa kudi. Babu maballin “undo” (dawo da baya).

Wannan matakin yana da matukar muhimmanci domin ya tantance mambobin al'ummar; wadanda kawai suke da kishin fasahar ne suka damu da shiga ciki. Ya samar da gagarumin tushe na masu samar da manhaja wadanda za su kafa tushen tsarin rayuwar masu samar da manhaja (developer ecosystem) wanda ba makawa ne a yanzu. Shiga kasuwa da wuri tare da karamin samfuri, maimakon jiran sai komai ya kammala, ya bai wa Ethereum damar mamaye tunanin masu samar da manhaja kafin sauran bangarori su shirya kansu.

Yayin da hanyar sadarwar ta fara girma a shekarar 2016 tare da “Homestead,” ta tsinci kanta tana fuskantar babban kalubalenta na farko: Kutse a cikin DAO (The DAO hack). Decentralized Autonomous Organization (Kungiya Mai Zaman Kanta ta Fasaha) wani asusun zuba jari ne wanda ya dogara kacokan akan lambobin tsari.

Ya girgiza duniyar crypto kuma ya yi nasarar tara kusan kashi 14% na jimillar Ether da ke akwai a matsayin gudunmawa daga masu tallafi masu daraja.

An yi niyyar ya zama babban manhajar Ethereum, wanda zai nuna yadda yake da sauƙi ga mutane su tsara jarin su ba tare da sa hannun wani babban manaja ba. Amma wata rauni a cikin lambar kwangilar wayo (smart contract code) — wanda aka sani da kuskuren “recursive call” — a ƙarshe ya ba wa wani ɗan fashi (hacker) damar sace Ether na miliyoyin daloli. Ka yi tunanin, idan za ka iya, wata na'urar ATM da ke ba da kuɗi lokacin da ka nema amma ta kasa rage ragowar kuɗinka kafin ka sake tambaya a karo na gaba. Shi kuwa ɗan fashin ya yi amfani da wannan damar wajen neman kuɗin sau dubbai a cikin ƙiftawar ido.

Al'ummar ta rarrabu. Ta fuskar fasaha, ya sace kuɗaɗen ne bisa ƙa'idojin lambar, amma mugun nufinsa na yin hakan a fili yake. Wani matakin ramawa da wasu rukunin masu kariya suka ɗauka kan sauran kuɗaɗen da ke cikin wannan rumbun (honeypot) ya ba da damar dawo da abin da aka sace da kuma ceton aikin. Ya zama wani babban wasan kwaikwayo na sirrin fasaha (cryptographic drama) mai cike da haɗari.

An sanya al'ummar su yi zaɓe. Shin ya kamata su bi taken Bitcoin na “lamba ita ce doka” (code is law) su bar wa ɗan fashin kuɗin? Ko kuma su shiga tsakani don ceton masu saka jari da kuma mutuncin aikin? An yanke shawarar yin “hard fork,” wanda a zahiri yana nufin mayar da blockchain baya don soke fashin da aka yi.

Wannan wani lokaci ne mai cike da jayayya kuma mai kafa tarihi. Ya raba sarkar (chain) gida biyu: Ethereum (wanda ya soke fashin) da kuma Ethereum Classic (wanda bai soke ba). Ko da yake masu tsauraran ra'ayi sun soki shawarar a matsayin wadda ta saba wa rashin canjin blockchain (immutability), hakan ya nuna yadda Ethereum ke gudanar da shugabanci: babu ɓata lokaci; kawai a yanke shawara. Wannan ya zama shaida cewa aikin ya fi ba da muhimmanci ga lafiyar tsarin sa (ecosystem) da kuma amincin masu amfani da shi, fiye da tsayawa kan ra'ayin da ba ya canzawa. Wannan kyakkyawan tsarin zai ceci hanyar sadarwar kuma ya kafa misali cewa al'umma za su iya hada kai don magance barazanar da ke barazana ga wanzuwarsu.

Fashewar Cambrian: ICOs da Mafarin Amfani

Zamanin ICO ya fara ne da Ethereum, wanda yanzu muke kira “Ethereum 1.0,” saboda tabbas za a samu karin wasu sauye-sauye a nan gaba.

Wannan juriya za ta share fage ga fashewar shekarar 2017. Gabatar da ka'idojin token na ERC-20 ya zama babban dalilin hakan. Kafin wannan ka'idar, a fannin fasaha yana da matukar wahala a samar da token. Cikin kankanin lokaci, kowa zai iya samar da nasa nau'in na crypto a kan Ethereum, tare da 'yan layukan kodi kadan. Wannan ya taimaka wajen hauka ko sha'awar ICO (Initial Coin Offering).

Dubban ayyuka ne aka kaddamar, kuma an tara biliyoyin daloli a cikin 'yan watanni. Ayyuka kamar EOS, Bancor da Tezos sun tara miliyoyin daloli ko daruruwan miliyoyi ba tare da wani abu mai yawa da za su bayar ba in ban da takardar bayani (whitepaper) da shafin yanar gizo. Yawancin wadannan ayyukan yaudara ne ko kuma na bogi, amma yawan ayyukan da aka gudanar ya tabbatar da Ethereum a matsayin babban dandalin kirkire-kirkire na blockchain. Ya zama ma'auni. Kowane sabon yunkuri yana bukatar Ether don biyan kudaden gas (gas fees), wanda hakan ya kara bukatar kadarar.

Hanyar sadarwar ta cika makil lokacin haukar “CryptoKitties” — wasan da masu amfani ke kiwon kyanwa na dijital — har ta kai ga hada-hadar kudi na iya daukar kwanaki kafin su kammala. Wannan ya zama jan kunne game da ikon fadada hanyar sadarwa (scalability), amma kuma ya nuna manufar karancin abu na dijital (digital scarcity). A lokacin ne tasirin hanyar sadarwar ya zama ba za a iya dakatar da shi ba. EOS da NEO duka sun yi kokarin bayyana kansu a matsayin “Masu Kashe Ethereum,” suna amfani da damar cewa suna da saurin hada-hada ko rashin kudaden caji, amma sun rasa abu guda daya da ya fi kowane muhimmanci: al'ummar masu samar da fasaha (developers).

Masu samar da fasaha ba su da sha'awar ginawa a kan hanyoyin sadarwa na fatalwa (ghost chains), suna son ginawa ne tare da masu amfani da kuma wadatar kudi (liquidity)." Matsin lamba na dokoki sakamakon kumfar ICO, musamman lokacin da Hukumar SEC ta Amurka ta fara amfani da Gwajin Howey don ayyana yawancin tokun-tokun a matsayin takardun kuɗi (securities), ya raunana kasuwar, amma a lokacin, an riga an samar da tsare-tsaren aiki masu yawa.

Shekarun da suka biyo baya, a lokacin da ake kira "lokacin sanyi na crypto" (crypto winter) na 2018 da 2019, sun kasance mafi albarka a asirce. Yayin da farashi ya ragu, masu haɓakawa suna ta aiki tuƙuru. Suna samar da harsashin sabuwar masana'antar kuɗi da aka sani da Decentralized Finance, ko DeFi. Ka'idojin tsarin aiki (protocols) kamar su Uniswap, Compound, da Aave suka fara bayyana. Waɗannan ba kawai takardun bayani (whitepapers) ba ne kuma, sun kasance manhajoji masu aiki da hanyoyin amfani da ke ba masu amfani damar yin duk abin da za su iya yi a banki kamar ajiya, ranto kuɗi, bayar da rance, ko cinikin kadarori ba tare da buƙatar wata hukumar kuɗi ba.

Misali, Uniswap ya gabatar da tsarin Automated Market Makers (AMM), sai dai wanda aka maye gurbin littafin odarsa (order book) da madatsun ruwa na kuɗi (liquidity pools). Wannan shi ne ciniki ba tare da neman izini ba na kowace kadara, ƙalubalen da aka warware yayin gina Uniswap, duka bisa wani sauƙaƙan tsarin lissafi (x*y=k).

Wannan shi ne cikar burin asali. A shekarar 2020, lokacin da "Lokacin Zafi na DeFi" (DeFi Summer) ya zo, ya nuna cewa Ethereum na iya ɗaukar tsarin kuɗi na gefe. Masu amfani suna tura USDT tsakanin juna, suna cinikin tokun-tokun, kuma suna samun riba duka a kan sarka (on-chain). Wannan shi ne zamanin haɗuwar sassa (composability) — inda manhajoji daban-daban za su iya haɗuwa da juna kamar tubalin Lego. Babu wani blockchain da ke da ɗakin karatu na Lego mai faɗi kamar na Ethereum. Kuna iya ranto kuɗi a Aave, ku yi musanya (swap) a Uniswap, sannan ku samar da liquidity a Curve duka a cikin shingen hada-hada (transaction block) guda ɗaya.

Wannan ne lokacin da tsayayyun kuɗaɗe (stablecoins) kamar USDT da USDC suka yi fice sosai a kan hanyar sadarwa ta Ethereum. Ikon tura USDT a duk faɗin duniya 24/7 ba tare da lokutan banki ba ya zama "manhaja mai tasiri sosai" (killer app) ga crypto cikin sauri.

Ya cike gibin da ke tsakanin sauyin farashin kudin kripto da kudin fiat, wanda hakan ke nufin za ka iya amfani da dandalin don biyan kudi da daidaita hada-hada, ba wai kawai don hasashen riba ba. USDT ya zama abin alfahari ga daidaita hada-hadar kasuwanci ta kasa da kasa a wurare da dama inda tsarin banki ke da tafiyar hawainiya ko rashin tabbas.

Sauyin Al'adu: NFTs da Metaverse

Bayan haka, sai aka shiga zamanin NFTs da sauyin al'adu na shekarar 2021. Ethereum ne ya kasance ginshikin al'adar dijital. Fasaha, kida, da kayayyakin tarawa sun koma kan blockchain. Wannan ya gabatar da wani sabon nau'in masu amfani ga tsarin: masu fasaha, fitattun mutane, da shahararrun kamfanoni. Ya sauya tattaunawar daga batun kudi kawai zuwa batun al'adu.

Lokacin da aka sayar da aikin Beeple mai suna “Everydays” a kan dala miliyan 69 a gidan Christie’s, hakan ya zama labarin da ya girgiza duniya. Farat daya, tsofaffin gidajen gwanjo da masu tara ayyukan fasaha suka fara fadi-tashi don gano menene walat din Ethereum. “Bored Ape Yacht Club” ya koma alamar matsayi da zai iya gogayya da agogon Rolex da motocin Ferrari.

Tsadar kudin gas a wannan lokacin, duk da cewa ya bata wa masu amfani rai, ya nuna yadda ake matukar bukatar sararin block. Wannan alama ce da ke nuna cewa mutane a shirye suke su biya karin kudi don amfani da dandalin da ya fi tsaro da kuma zamani. Hakan ya kara hanzarta ci gaban hanyoyin magance matsala na Layer 2, yayin da masu amfani da suka koka suka fara neman wasu hanyoyin maimakon tsadar kudi, inda suka fara komawa zuwa rollups. "Yakin Gas" (Gas Wars), lokacin da ake mallakar filaye a Otherside inda mutane suka toshe tsarin tare da biyan miliyoyin daloli a matsayin kudin gas don kawai a tabbatar da hada-hadarsu, ya bayyana karara cewa akwai bukatar karin sarari da kuma bukatar gaggawa ta fadada tsarin (scaling).

Babban Sauyi: The Merge da EIP-1559

Muhimman sabuntawar fasaha guda biyu ne suka nuna zamanin Ethereum na yau. Na farko shi ne EIP-1559, wanda aka sanya shi a cikin London Hard Fork.

Wannan ya yi tasiri a kan kasuwar kuɗin hada-hada, don haka maimakon a ba masu hakar kuɗin intanet (miners) dukkan kuɗin hada-hadar, an ƙone wasu daga ciki. Wannan ya haifar da matsin rage yawan kuɗi (deflationary pressure) a kan Ether kuma ya haifar da ra'ayin "Ultra Sound Money" wanda ta hanyarsa adadin ETH da ke yawo zai iya raguwa sosai a lokutan da ake yawan amfani da shi.

Abu na biyu — kuma ana iya cewa shi ne babban nasara mafi ban mamaki a tarihin Ethereum — shi ne Merge na shekarar 2022. Amma tsawon shekaru, hanyar sadarwar ta yi aiki ne a kan Proof of Work, tsarin hakar kuɗi mai cin wutar lantarki sosai wanda Bitcoin ma ke amfani da shi. Wannan kamar canza injin jirgin sama samfurin 747 ne yayin da yake sararin samaniya. Wata gagarumar nasarar fasaha ce da ta rage amfani da wutar lantarki na hanyar sadarwar da fiye da kashi casa'in da tara cikin ɗari.

Wannan wani muhimmin mataki ne ga nasara na dogon lokaci da kuma karɓuwa daga manyan hukumomi. Ya share tabon binciken muhalli da ke tattare da harkar crypto kuma ya sauƙaƙa hanyar da masu saka hannun jari da kamfanoni masu lura da tsarin ESG za su shigo cikin harkar kuɗin dijital. Ya kuma sauya fasalin tattalin arzikin Ether, wanda ya zama kadara mai samar da riba ga duk wanda ya yi staking na tokens ɗinsa don kiyaye tsaron hanyar sadarwar. Wannan ya samar da wani nau'i na “digital bond” wanda ya ja hankalin manyan masu jarin da ke neman riba a cikin yanayi mai tsaro.

Zamanin Layer 2 da Superchain

Idan muka duba zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 2025, za a ga ingantaccen tsarin Ethereum mai matakai daban-daban. Ba a canza iyakacin ƙarfin sarrafa bayanai na babban matakin (main chain) ba, sai dai an gina ƙarin matakai a kansa. Yin amfani da hanyoyin faɗaɗa aiki na Layer 2 kamar Optimism, Arbitrum, da Base (sanarwa: ni mai ba da shawara ne ga Base) ya rage nauyin hada-hada a babban matakin, wanda hakan ya sa hanyar sadarwar ta yi sauri da kuma sauƙin kuɗi ga masu amfani.

Wadannan sarƙoƙi na “rollup” suna gudanar da hada-hadar kuɗi a wajen babban tsarin (off-chain), sannan su tattara su zuwa shaida guda ɗaya wadda ake kammalawa a kan Ethereum.

Wannan ya ba da damar ƙarin ingantawa a farkon shekarar 2024 tare da ƙaddamar da: “blobs” – hanyar adana bayanai a kan blockchain wadda take ta ɗan lokaci ce (tana ɓace bayan shekara ɗaya) kuma tana da arha sosai fiye da ma'adanar dindindin (“Dencun”). Wannan ya kasance mai sauƙin kuɗi sosai ga waɗannan hanyoyin sadarwa na Layer 2, inda ya rage kuɗin hada-hadar kuɗi zuwa kusan sifili. Ethereum yanzu ita ce shimfiɗar kammala hada-hada ta intanet — babban titi mai saurin gaske a kan tabbataccen tushe mai tsaro. Wannan hangen nesa na Superchain inda Layer 2 daban-daban suke aiki tare da tabbacin tsaro iri ɗaya yayin da suke rage matsin lamba ga babban sarka, shi ne tabbatar da taswirar aiki ta shekaru da dama.

Dalilin da ya sa Ether ta yi nasara. Kwatanta Ethereum da sauran kuɗaɗen intanet ya bayyana dalilin. Sauran sarƙoƙi sun ba da fifiko ga sauri ko ƙarancin kuɗin hada-hada fiye da abubuwa kamar raba iko (decentralization) ko tsaro. Sun kasance ma'ajiyar bayanai ta tsakiya ne a cikin surar blockchain. Ethereum ta zaɓi ba da fifiko ga raba iko da tsaro, tana sane da cewa matsalar faɗaɗawa (scaling) za a iya magance ta daga baya. Wannan tsari, wato “trilemma,” ya kasance tsari mai wahala da cin lokaci, amma ya haifar da amana.

Masu saka hannun jari na hukumomi, waɗanda ke neman nau'in kadara tabbatacciya, sun rungumi Ether a matsayin sanannen kuɗi wanda zai iya jure hare-hare, matsalolin fasaha, da faɗuwar kasuwa. Tana da tasirin “lindy effect” — gwargwadon yadda ta daɗe, haka damar dorewarta take ƙaruwa.

Amincewar da Amurka ta yi wa Spot Ethereum ETFs shi ne daɗin da ya ƙara wa wannan tafiya armashi. Ya nuna cewa masu kula da dokoki da manyan kamfanonin kuɗi na dā ba sa kallon Ether a matsayin abin da za a yi ƙara a kansa ba, face abin da za a yi ciniki da shi. Wannan ya buɗe wa asusun fansho da kamfanonin inshora damar samun wannan kadara, wanda ya kawo daidaito ga farashinta da kuma sanya ta cikin tsarin kuɗi na duniya.

Darussan da aka koya daga wannan dukkan labari suna da zurfi:

1. Kirkire-kirkire na bukatar jarumta don sauya fasalin yadda abubuwa suke, koda kuwa hakan zai girgiza tsarin da manyan masana'antu suka gina. 2. Juriya yayin fuskantar matsaloli, kamar kutse a tsarin DAO, na samar da tushe mai karfi fiye da kokarin kauce wa gazawa kawai. 3. Darajar hanyar sadarwa na fitowa ne daga amfaninta tare da hadin gwiwar al'ummar masu gine-gine da ke aiki a kanta. 4. Masu hangen nesa na dogon lokaci dole ne su kasance a shirye su sadaukar da jin dadinsu na dan lokaci, ta hanyar jinkirta fadada tsarin yanzu domin su samu damar fadada shi sosai a nan gaba.

Musayar daraja har yanzu ita ce jigon komai yayin da wannan tsarin (ecosystem) ke bunkasa. Ko kana amfani da hadabbun ka'idojin DeFi ne ko kuma kawai kana tura tsayayyen kudi (stablecoins) tsakanin walat-walat, tsarin tura kudi shi ne ke tafiyar da wannan masana'anta.

Irin wannan amfanin na kara samun bukata yayin da masu amfani ke bukatar tura kadarori tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa daban-daban kai tsaye. Ga wadanda ke aiki a kan blockchain ta TRON, manhajar Netts Transfer Tool na samar da sauki. Wannan sabis din ya magance matsalar "Energy" da aka saba fuskanta a TRON, wanda ke bukatar mai amfani ya mallaki wani adadi na TRX kafin ya iya tura USDT. Ta hanyar amfani da USDT kai tsaye wajen biyan kudin tura kudi, masu amfani za su iya kauce wa wahalar hayar Energy ko staking, ta yadda tura USDT zai zama mai sauki kamar biyan kudi na yau da kullum.

Bunkasar Ethereum shaida ce ta abin da za a iya cimmawa ta hanyar raba iko (decentralization) da hadin kai. Ya fara ne a matsayin tunanin wani matashi, sannan ya rikide ya koma tsarin biyan kudi na duniya, kuma yanzu yana tura darajar kudi da ta kai tiriliyoyin daloli. Ya nuna cewa gungun baki da ke warwatse a intanet za su iya hada albarkatunsu don samar da tsarin kudi na gaskiya, wanda kowa zai iya shiga ba tare da neman izini ba. Hanyar ta kasance cike da sauyin farashi, kutse, da matsalolin fasaha, amma makasudin — duniyar da daraja ke gudana cikin sauki kamar bidiyon kyanwa — a karshe ya fara bayyana.

Ba wai kawai masu ginin wannan zamanin na dijital sun ƙirƙiri wani abu mafi inganci ba; sun kafa wani sabon harsashin tattalin arziki gaba ɗaya ga dukkan tattalin arzikin duniya. Labarin Ethereum har yanzu yana matakan farko, amma shekaru goma na farko na waɗannan hanyoyin sadarwa na crypto sun canza duniya.