Kripto da Ka'idar Juyin Halitta: Rayuwar Kudin Kripto da Suka Fi Dacewa

Juyin halitta yana taka rawar mai zartarwa a babban dandamalin yanayi mai natsuwa, wani daraktan Darwinian na dindindin da ke tsara dukkan rayuwa a gaban sanyi da tsauraran gaskiyar muhalli. Yana farawa ne da sauye-sauye bazuwar (mutations), kurakurai kankana a cikin tsarin halitta. Yawancin wadannan sauye-sauye ba su da amfani ko kuma suna da lahani, amma lokaci-lokaci daya yana samar da wata 'yar fa'ida. Muhalli shi ne babban alkali, yana "yanke shawara" kan wadanne halaye ne suka fi dacewa su rayu ko su hayayyafa. Kamar dai yanayin kasuwar hada-hadar kudi. Yana iya zama kamar abin mamaki a farko, amma hakan ya faru ne kawai saboda ba ka son yarda da yadda duniyar jari-hujja take da tsauri.

Wani misali bayyananne kuma tabbatacce na juyin halitta shi ne batun malam-bude-mana-littafi (peppered moth) a Ingila lokacin da juyin juya halin masana'antu ya yi kamari. A da, kusan dukkaninsu launinsu fari ne, wani sifa da ke sa su wahalar gani a jikin bishiyoyin da ke cike da gansakari — sai dai lokacin da matakan gurbatar yanayi suka yi yawa har suka fara rasa ikon boye kansu.

Amma yayin da hayaki daga masana'antu ya fitar da kunkunniya, bishiyoyin suka yi baki kuma suka mayar da kariyarsu (camouflage) ta zama alamar da ke fallasa su. Nau'in malam-bude-mana-littafi mai duhu wanda ba kasafai ake gani ba — wanda a da yake zama abin hari cikin sauki — yanzu ya samu kariya mai kyau. Wasan ya juya — yanayi ya canza kuma dokokin rayuwa sun canza tare da shi. Shin wannan yana tunatar da kai wani abu? Kamar Bitcoin bayan rikicin 2007?

Daya daga cikin misalan gargajiya yana cikin tsibirin Galápagos, inda Darwin ya lura da tsuntsayen finches masu siffar baki da girma daban-daban. Kowane baki wani ingantaccen kayan aiki ne, wanda ya dace musamman da nau'in abincin tsibirinsa — gajere kuma mai kauri don fasa kwayoyin itace masu tauri, dogo kuma mai laushi don soka cikin furannin kaktus.

Wannan rarrabuwar kawuna — da ake kira "adaptive radiation" — ita ce hanyar da rayuwa ke tsara kanta don cike kowane gibi da za a iya tunani a cikin yanayi. Wannan karfi na zabar halitta ba kawai ya takaita ga siffofin jiki ba ne.

Kuma yana sauya hali, kamar yadda ake yi a "tseren makamai" na juyin halitta tsakanin mafarauci da abin farauta.

Yayin da abin farauta ke kara sauri, dole ne mafarauta su kara kwarewa wajen labe ko su ma su kara sauri — wani tseren makamai na dacewa da yanayi wanda ke nufin wadanda suka fi dacewa ne kawai a bangarorin biyu za su iya mika kwayoyin halittarsu (genes) ga zuri'a. Manufar juyin halitta mai hadewa (convergent evolution), inda nau'ikan halittu daban-daban ke haduwa wajen samun siffofi iri daya saboda sun bunkasa ta hanyoyi masu kama da juna don jure yanayi — misali, siffar jikin kifi shark da na dolfin — tana da kwatankwacinta a duniyar dijital, yayin da dandaloli na blockchain daban-daban ke fito da hanyoyin fasaha iri daya don magance matsalolin gama-gari, kamar matsalar fadada tsari (scalability). Wannan shi ne ginshikin rayuwa da hayayyafa, wata doka ta duniya baki daya, wadda ba kawai ta shafi halittu masu rai ba, har ma da bunkasar tsarin fasahar zamani mai cike da gasa.

Nau'ikan Halittun Dijital da Muhallinsu

Kasuwar kudaden intanet (cryptocurrency) ba ta da bambanci — fage ne na fama mai dauke da dubban ayyuka da ke gogayya da juna, kuma hakan yana nuna tsarin dabi'a. Duniya ce ta sauye-sauye marasa kakkautawa da ke rikitarwa, wadanda sabbin fasahohi, matsin ka'idoji, sauyin ra'ayin masu amfani, da kuma karfin tattalin arziki ke tura su.

A cikin wannan daji na dijital, dandaloli na blockchain daban-daban sun samar da wasu dabi'u na musamman domin su tsira. Bitcoin, wanda shi ne asalin wannan juyin juya hali, tamkar kwatankwacin wani nau'in halitta ne na dijital wanda ya bunkasa don kare kansa yadda ya kamata. Tsarin juyin halittarsa, wanda aka samo daga akidar cypherpunk kuma aka kera shi a cikin mawuyacin halin rikicin kudi na 2008, ya ba da muhimmanci ga ikon kai da kuma juriya ga takunkumi fiye da komai.

Tsarin yarjejeniya na PoW shi ne sulkensa mai tauri; domin kutsawa cikinsa, ana bukatar gagarumin makamashin lissafi na na'ura don ruguza hanyar sadarwar da ba za a iya kutsawa ba wacce ke bayan katangar kimiyyar lissafi ta dijital.

Iyakar adadin tsabar kudi miliyan 21 da aka kayyade da kuma sanannen tsarin fitarwa su ne siffofin da aka tsara a cikin tsarin lambobinsa (code) wadanda suka bayyana shi a matsayin kadara mai rage hauhawar farashi - wanda shi kansa ke samar da amsa ga matsalolin hauhawar farashin kudaden fiat. Wadannan siffofin ne suka ba shi damar kafa kansa a matsayin ma'ajiyar kima mai karfi, kuma maboya mai aminci a cikin rudanin tattalin arziki na duniya.

Amma Bitcoin bai tsaya nan ba a hanyarsa ta juyin halitta. Domin rage nauyin da ke tattare da karancin karfin gudanar da hadahada a kowane sakan, wani gyara na mataki na biyu — wato Lightning Network — ya bayyana. Wannan mafita ta mataki na biyu tana samar da... to, hadahada kusan nan take kuma mai rahusa!

Idan muka koma ga misalin Bitcoin a matsayin wata halitta mai dauke da wani babban bangare na sinadarin jini (hemoglobin) da ke zagayawa a saman babban sarkarsa (main chain), Lightning yana aiki ne a matsayin tsarin zagayawar jini na musamman wanda ke tura jini ta hanyoyin gajere na jijiyoyi wadanda ke rage matsin lamba a kan babbar jijiya, kuma hakan yana ba shi damar fadada yayin da yake kiyaye ingantaccen tsarin kwayoyin halittarsa.

Wata kirkira ta mataki na biyu (Layer 2) mai kawo ce-ce-ku-ce, kuma wani mataki na juyin halittar Bitcoin, shi ne tsarin Ordinals wanda zai sanya bayanai kai tsaye a kan kowane satoshi guda daya, ta yadda za a samar da kadarori masu kama da NFT a cikin hanyar sadarwar da aka taba tunanin ba za ta iya daukar su ba. Wannan ya haifar da gagarumar rigimar cikin gida a tsakanin al'ummar Bitcoin, wani nau'i na matsin lamba na juyin halitta wanda ya raba tsakanin masu bin tsohuwar akida — wadanda ke ganin hakan a matsayin kaucewa daga ka'idojin farko domin kara amfani da kudin shiga na hadahada da kuma samar da kasafin tsaro na dogon lokaci ga hanyar sadarwar — da kuma wadanda ke ganin hakan a matsayin juyin halitta don ci gaba da takara da sauran fasahohi. Wannan fafatawa ta cikin gida don "ruhin" yarjejeniyar (protocol) wani nau'i ne na sauye-sauyen zamantakewa wanda ke nuna makomar fasaharsa.

Taswirar Ethereum (Roadmap)

Ethereum yana wakiltar wani salon sauyi na daban — labari ne na ban mamaki game da iya dacewa da yanayi da kuma kwarewa a fannoni daban-daban. Idan Bitcoin kunkuru ne mai juriya, to Ethereum kuma octopus ne mai iya sauyawa da yanayi. Ya kuma kawo kwangiloli masu basira (smart contracts) ga duniya, wani gagarumin lamari wanda ya yi kama da girman hadadden tsarin jijiyoyin jiki, wanda ya sauya blockchain daga kundin adana bayanai marasa motsi zuwa wani dandamali mai karfin shirye-shirye masu sarkakiya. Wannan gagarumar nasara ta haifar da wani babban bazuwar sabbin "halittu" a cikin dApps.

Sabbin rukunonin halittu na dijital sun kafu: yarjejeniyoyin hada-hadar kudi ba tare da tsakiya ba (DeFi) sun samar da sabbin hanyoyin tura kudi, sake tattara su da kuma sake amfani da darajarsu, sannan takardun shaida na musamman (NFTs) sun samar da daukacin kasuwanni don fasahar dijital. EVM, a matsayin ra'ayi da tsari, ya fara aiki kamar kwayoyin halitta (genes) masu karfi a cikin DNA na halittu: Sauran blockchains da dama sun kwaikwaye shi tare da amfani da shi da nufin bunkasa nasu tsarin — wani nau'in kwaikwayon dijital ne wanda ya yi tasiri sosai wajen jawo hankalin masu samar da manhajoji (developers) wadanda suka riga suka saba da yanayin Ethereum.

Babban sauyi na karshe da aka samu a Ethereum shi ne aiwatar da "Merge," lokacin da, a takaice dai... ya yi tsalle daga tsarin Proof-of-Work mai cin makamashi mai yawa zuwa wani ingantaccen tsarin yarjejeniya da aka sani da Proof-of-Stake. Wata hanya ce ta dakile karuwar sukar da ake yi game da illar cin makamashi ga muhalli. Ko kuma hanyar sauyin samfurin za ta ci gaba ne zuwa: The Surge, Verge, Purge da kuma Splurge?

Waɗannan ba ƙananan gyare-gyare ba ne, amma manyan sauye-sauye ne na ci gaba.

The Surge na neman yin babban ci gaba a fannin haɓaka ƙarfin aiki (scalability) ta hanyar rollup; The Verge zai kawo verkle trees don adana bayanai cikin inganci da samar da damammakin rarraba iko (decentralization); The Purge yana buɗe sarari ta hanyar share tsofaffin bayanai don rage nauyi a kan hanyar sadarwa; sannan The Splurge ya ƙunshi gyare-gyare da dama waɗanda za su taimaki masu amfani da shi — tun daga masu amfani na yau da kullum waɗanda kawai suke son abubuwa su yi aiki, har zuwa masu haɓaka shirye-shirye (developers) da ke gina DApps ɗinsu. Wannan taswirar aikin tana nuna wani tsari na ci gaba mai zurfi na shekaru da dama don zama babban matakin biyan buƙatu na duniya (global settlement layer); misali ne na yadda al' Wannan yana ba da damar samar da block cikin sauri da kuma yawan hada-hadar kudi, amma kuma yana kawo wasu nau'ikan sauye-sauye daban-daban: Masu adawa suna ikirarin cewa hakan yana haifar da tsarin da ke da babban hadarin mika iko ga mutane kalilan (centralization) fiye da sauran tsare-tsaren da ba sa bukatar izini.

Domin kara wannan ingancin, mun samar da wani tsarin tattalin arzikin ayyuka tare da wani ci gaba mai ban sha'awa. Kayayyaki da suka hada da kasuwar hayar Energy suna ba masu amfani damar samun albarkatun ciniki ba tare da sun ajiye makudan kudaden asali na dandalin ba, wato TRX. Wannan kasuwa mai basira ta TRON Power wani gagarumin sauyi ne, kuma misali ne mai kyau na yadda dandali zai iya sauyawa tare da masu amfani da shi. Hayar Energy wata bayyananniyar alama ce ta yadda tsarin TRON ke ci gaba da daidaitawa ta hannun masu amfani da shi na gaske, domin sanya shi ya kasance mai jan hankali da saukin shiga ga wadanda aka yi dominsu (ko su masu gina manhajoji ne ko kuma mutanen da ke son gwada sabon wasa kawai) sannan kuma misali ne mai ban sha'awa na yadda hadadden tsarin yanar gizo zai iya samar da nasa tattalin arzikin na cikin gida domin raba albarkatu yadda ya kamata – kamar yadda duniyar gaske take gudana a kusa da duwatsun murjani (coral reefs) da kuma yadda suke samar da wuraren zama daban-daban a cikin wannan muhallin.

Kashin Dadadden Tarihi na Duniyar Crypto

Ga kowane nau'in da ya yi nasarar daidaitawa, wasu da dama da ba su kirguwa suna halaka a kan hanya. Duniyar crypto tana da nata makabartun na yanar gizo. Daga cikin mafi muni akwai stablecoin na Terra mai suna UST. An samar da shi ne domin ya kasance daidai da dalar Amurka (1:1) ta hanyar wata hadaddiyar alaka ta lissafin kwamfuta (algorithmic) da yar'uwar token dinsa, LUNA. Ya kasance wani gagarumin gwajin sauyi na kudin da ba shi da jingina. Amma a lokacin matsin lambar kasuwa mai tsanani, tsarin ya gaza kuma ya haifar da mummunan sakamako.

Confidence ta gushe kuma dukkan tsarin (ecosystem) ya ruguje a wani babban kisan-kiyashi na fasaha wanda wata nakasu guda ɗaya (single point of failure) ta haddasa.

Kada mu manta da darasin DAO, wato ƙungiyar da ke tafiyar da kanta ba tare da tsakiya ba (decentralized autonomous organization) wadda aka gina Ethereum a kanta. Wani tunani ne na ƙirƙira, amma an yi amfani da wata nakasu a cikin lambar sirrinta (code) lokacin da aka yi mata kutse ba zato ba tsammani aka sace miliyoyin daloli a shekarar 2016. Waɗannan abubuwan sun kai ga yanke shawara mai tsauri daga al'ummar Ethereum, wanda ya yi sanadiyyar raba tsarin (hard fork) zuwa gida biyu: Ethereum da Ethereum Classic — wani tabo ne na dindindin amma kuma babban tunatarwa ne kan dalilin da ya sa ya kamata lambar sirri ta kasance mai ƙarfi.

Haushin I.C.O. na shekarar 2017 ya kasance wani babban taron rugujewar ayyuka. Dubban ayyuka sun tara biliyoyin daloli, amma yawancinsu ba su taɓa samar da samfur mai aiki ko masu amfani ba, kuma ba su iya jurewa "lokacin sanyin crypto" (crypto winter) da ya biyo baya ba. Ayyuka kamar Bitconnect waɗanda suka yi alkawarin ribar da ba a taɓa gani ba an bayyana su a matsayin abin da suke a zahiri: tsarin damfara na Ponzi, inda ragowarsu ke zama darasi na gargaɗi game da haɗurran tsare-tsaren tattalin arziki da ba za su iya dorewa ba.

Dukkan makabartar waɗanda ake kira “Ethereum Killers” na wancan lokacin tana zama abin tunawa ga dabarun bunƙasa da suka gaza. Waɗannan wasu fasahohin blockchain ne da suka tara maƙudan kuɗaɗe suna rantsuwar cewa za su fi Ethereum sauri da arha, duk da haka ba su iya gina al'ummar masu haɓaka (developer community) ko rukunin masu amfani da za su iya gogayya da tasirin hanyar sadarwar (network effects) wanda suke ikirarin za su maye gurbinsa ba. Ƙasusuwansu na dijital yanzu a warwatse suke a intanet, wani tunatarwa ne cewa tara kuɗaɗe da wuri ba tabbacin dorewar rayuwa ba ne.

Lokacin da Taurari Masu Wutsiya Suka Afka wa Kasuwa

A wasu lokutan, rugujewa ba ya kasancewa a hankali, sai dai wani babban bala'i ne da ke faruwa farat ɗaya. Dabbobin dinosaurs sun mamaye duniya na tsawon shekaru miliyan 150, amma mulkinsu ya zo ƙarshe lokacin da wani babban dutsen samaniya (asteroid) ya afka wa duniyar. Wannan ya kasance babban rabo na sa'a ga sauran nau'ikan rayuwa amma rashin sa'a ne a gare su.

Bayan sun kuɓuta daga zaluncin ɗaukakar masu fiffike, ƙananan dabbobi masu kama da ɓera waɗanda a dā aka killace su a lunguna masu ban tausayi inda aka saba ganinsu, sai suka sami damar fitowa fili, kuma suka yi duk abin da suka ga dama.

Duniyar kuɗaɗen intanet (cryptocurrencies) wadda ta fi cike da hasashe ita ma ta fuskanci nata rugujewar kamar faɗuwar taurari. Ɗaya daga cikin na farko shi ne rugujewar dandalin musayar kuɗi na Mt. Gox a shekarar 2014, wanda ya zama sananne a tsakanin masu sha'awar crypto. Wannan ba gazawar kwayoyin halitta (genetics) na kowane kuɗi ba ne, face gazawar yanayin (ecology) da suke ciki. Rugujewarsa ta yi sanadiyyar ɓacewar daruruwan dubban bitcoins, wani babban rashi ga waɗanda suka fara amfani da su.

Amma daga cikin wannan rugujewa, wani ƙarni na rayuwa mai juriya ya tsira. Kuma waɗanda suka tsira sun koyi wani darasi mai tsada: "idan ba kai ke da makullanka ba, to kuɗin ba naka ba ne" — wanda hakan ya kai ga samar da dandamalin musaya mafi tsaro, hanyoyin adana kuɗi (custodial solutions), kuma mafi mahimmanci duka: walat ɗin na'ura (hardware wallets). Rikicin shekarar 2022, wanda ya samo asali daga rugujewar Terra/LUNA, shi ma wani babban lamari ne makamancin haka.

Girgizar ta kifar da jerin manyan kamfanoni da ake ganin ba za su taɓa faɗuwa ba, waɗanda suka haɗa da asusun Three Arrows Capital da dandamalin bayar da rance na Celsius da Voyager. Waɗannan hukumomi sun haɓaka ne a cikin yanayin kasuwar bull market mai ƙarancin ruwa da kuma babban rance (high leverage). Kuma tsarin kasuwancinsu ya nuna cewa yana da babban kuskure da zarar yanayin ya canza. Ƙarshen lamarin ya zo ne da rugujewar FTX, wani babban bala'i da ya fallasa zamba mai yawa kuma ya girgiza dukkan masana'antar.

Faɗuwar tasu, duk da raɗaɗin da take da shi, ta kasance wani muhimmin tsarkake yanayin ne wanda yake buɗe sabuwar dama ga tsarin DeFi masu juriya, gaskiya, da rashin tsakiya (decentralized) su haɓaka, yayin da yake tura manyan kamfanoni masu tsakiya (centralized) su zama masu gaskiya ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyi kamar tabbatar da asusu (proof of reserves).

Wannan igiyar bacewar ta canza matsin lamba na zaɓi a duk faɗin tsarin halittu (ecosystem), don goyon bayan ayyukan da aka gina musamman akan dabarun kan-sarka (on-chain logic) masu bayyane, da kuma adawa da waɗanda suka dogara ga amana ta tsakiya (centralized trust) marar haske.

Tafiyar Juyin Halitta Marar Tsayawa

Babban darasin da juyin halitta na dabi'a da na dijital suka koya mana shi ne: ba ya ƙarewa. Sakaci shi ne babban kisa. "Blockchain trilemma" — matsalar kiyaye blockchain na jama'a (da nodes ɗinsa) yayin da ake kiyaye rarraba iko (decentralization) da haɓaka (scalability) — wani matsin lamba ne na muhalli da ba ya ƙarewa. Maimakon haka, muna da gasar makamai mai tsanani. Hanyoyin haɓaka na Layer 2 kamar su rollups, gyare-gyare ne da ke nufin rage matsin lamba daga hanyoyin sadarwa na Layer 1 da suka cika. Ko da ƙananan fannoni ana takara a kansu, yayin da Optimistic Rollups da ZK-Rollups suke wakiltar zaɓuɓɓukan juyin halitta daban-daban tsakanin sauri, farashi, da tabbas na sirri (cryptographic certainty).

Wannan ya kuma haifar da ra'ayin modular blockchain, wata hanyar juyin halitta inda sarƙoƙi (chains) daban-daban ke mayar da hankali kan ayyuka daban-daban — aiwatarwa (execution), daidaitawa (settlement), samun bayanai (data availability) — kuma su yi aiki tare maimakon tsarin "monolith" na sarka guda ɗaya da ke ƙoƙarin yin komai. Kamar haɓakar halittu masu sel da yawa ne tare da sassan jiki na musamman.

Haɗin gwiwar tsarin (Interoperability) wani babban matsin lamba ne na juyin halitta. Yanayin yanzu yana kama da rukunin tsibirai da aka raba. Ayyuka kamar Polkadot da Cosmos suna ƙoƙarin gina "gadoji" (bridges) da ke haɗa waɗannan tsibiran tare. Shi ya sa aka samar da ka'idojin aika saƙon tsakanin sarƙoƙi (cross-chain messaging protocols) da fasahar gadoji na musamman, amma ko da wannan fannin yana da nasa mafarautan a cikin siffar masu kutse (hackers) waɗanda ke neman raunuka a cikin waɗannan sarƙaƙƙiyar hanyoyin sadarwa.

Ra'ayin "fat protocol", wanda ke cewa daraja za ta taru ne kawai a ka'idojin matakin farko (base-layer protocols), ana fuskantarsa da ra'ayin "fat application": cewa aikace-aikacen da masu amfani ke mu'amala da su (user-facing applications) ne a ƙarshe za su mallaki mafi yawan darajar.

Takaddama ce da ake ci gaba da yi kan wane akwati na basira ne zai fi amfani, kuma hakan zai nuna yadda tsarin tattalin arzikin dijital zai kasance a shekaru masu zuwa.

Kuma a nan gaba, akwai babban barazana ga muhallin: quantum computing. Bullar kwamfutocin quantum masu karfi na iya yin katsalandan ga tsarin lissafin sirri (cryptographic algorithms) wadanda kusan dukkanin fasahohin blockchain da aka sani suka dogara da su, wanda hakan barazana ce ta rugujewa baki daya. Wannan zai bukaci babban sauyi na ci gaba zuwa “post-quantum cryptography” domin tsira. Daidaitawa da yanayi ba kawai fa'ida ba ce — ita ce kadai hanyar da ba za a iya kauce wa ba domin dorewa na dogon lokaci a wannan masana'anta mai cike da gasa.

A cikin wannan yanayi na ingantawa da ci gaba da aka mayar da hankali ga mai amfani, wasu takamaiman kayan aiki suna bayyana domin samar da mu'amala mai inganci da wadannan muhallai masu sarkakiya. Misali, domin sarrafa tsarin musamman na hanyar sadarwa ta TRON wanda ke bukatar wasu albarkatu da ake kira Energy domin gudanar da hada-hadar kudi, tawagar Netts ta samar da wani bot da ake kira Netts Energy Charge Bot.

Wannan wani kayan aiki ne da ke saukaka tsari ga masu amfani da ke bukatar tura USDT akai-akai, kuma kowa ya kamata ya iya sanya Energy a walat dinsa cikin sauki ta hanyar samar da wasu TRX a cikin ragowar kudinsa (balance). Wannan yana daya daga cikin mafi kyawun misalan karamin sauyi (micro-adaptation) — sabis ne da ya bunkasa ta hanyar sauyawa domin dacewa da muhallinsa, yana inganta abin da tsarin muhallin yankin ya rasa, da kuma sanya shi ya zama mafi inganci ga mutane a kowane bangare, a matsayin wata alama ta cewa ko yaya kankantar wani sashe na muhalli yake (ko na zamantakewa ne ko na yanayi), dabi'a za ta nemo hanyar inganta shi.