---
title: "Tsantsar Matsalolin Fasaha na Kudaden Kirepto"
description: "Bandwidth, kayan aikin hakar ma'adinai, haɗarin smart-contract, nauyin sarrafa AI, da iyakokin na'urorin tafi-da-gidanka — har yanzu fasahohin blockchain suna cin karo da matsalolin injiniyanci masu tsanani."
language: ha
published: 2026-04-04
author: Netts
topic: "Insights"
canonical: https://netts.io/blog/purely-technical-problems-of-cryptocurrencies?lang=ha
languages: [en, ru, es, zh, th, fr, uk, tr, hi, fa, ar, ha, pt, vi, ko, ja, id, de, tl]
translation_outdated: false
---
# Tsantsar Matsalolin Fasaha na Kudaden Kirepto

Bandwidth, kayan aikin hakar ma'adinai, haɗarin smart-contract, nauyin sarrafa AI, da iyakokin na'urorin tafi-da-gidanka — har yanzu fasahohin blockchain suna cin karo da matsalolin injiniyanci masu tsanani.

Yanayin rarraba ikon kuɗaɗen intanet (cryptocurrencies) yana da damar kawo sauyi mai girma ga harkar kuɗi ta dijital, amma yana tattare da manyan ƙalubalen fasaha dangane da haɓaka (scalability), inganci, da kuma samuwa a duk faɗin duniya. Ko da yake ƙa'idar fasahar blockchain tana da kyawun ji, tsarin yana buƙatar magance matsalolin fasaha na injiniya da dama a aikace, tun daga kan ababen more rayuwa, kayan aiki (hardware), amfani da makamashi, da kuma manhaja (software). Waɗannan shinge ne na fasaha zalla waɗanda ke buƙatar ingantattun mafita da ci gaba da ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire domin dorewar haɓakar tsarin kuɗaɗen intanet (coin ecosystems).

## Iyakokin Ƙarfin Intanet (Bandwidth) Tsakanin Shiyyoyin Duniya

Abin da dukkan hanyoyin sadarwa na cryptocurrency ke buƙata shi ne yaɗuwar intanet a ko'ina, amma gaskiyar ita ce ababen more rayuwa na intanet a duniya ba su daidaita ba, ba wai kawai tsakanin nahiyoyi ba, har ma tsakanin masu kuɗi da matalauta. Kimanin mutane biliyan 2.9 a duniya ne ba su da damar yin amfani da intanet, yawancinsu suna yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara a Afirka, Kudancin Asiya, da kuma karkara na ƙasashe masu tasowa. Wannan gibin dijital yana zama babban cikas ga karɓar kuɗaɗen intanet a waɗancan yankuna inda tsarin kuɗi na bai-ɗaya (decentralized finance) zai fi amfani. Mayar da hakar kuɗaɗen intanet (mining) da tantancewa wuri guda, tare da tattara ayyukan hakar a wuraren da ke da ingantaccen intanet, yana tayar da tambaya game da ainihin rarraba ikon tsarin blockchain (ba kawai ta fuskar fasaha ba har ma ta fuskar yanki): shin muna ganin tattara iko a yanki guda wanda ya saba wa babban ƙa'idar rarraba iko (decentralization)?

Iyakokin ƙarfin intanet (bandwidth) kuma suna zama wata matsala mai matuƙar mahimmanci ga masu amfani da kuma masu samar da hanyoyin sadarwa. A zamanin yau, hanyoyin sadarwa na cryptocurrency suna samar da zirga-zirgar bayanai (data traffic) mai yawa, inda girman blockchain na Bitcoin ya haura gigabytes 500, yayin da na Ethereum ke gab da kai terabyte 1. Waɗannan littattafan adana bayanai (ledgers) suna buƙatar ƙarfin intanet mai yawa don su kasance daidai da lokaci, wanda hakan ke sa dabarun katsalandan (adversarial strategy) su yi tsanani musamman a yankunan da intanet ke da ƙaranci kuma gudunsa ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da MB/s.

Jinkirin yaduwar hada-hadar kudi (transaction propagation) yana karuwa sosai sakamakon takaitaccen karfin bandwidth, wanda ke jinkirta tsarin tabbatarwa da kuma rage karfin hanyar sadarwa. Tare da bullar hanyoyin layer-2 da sidechains, bukatar bandwidth ta ninka sau da dama, wanda ke kara matsin lamba ga tsarin gudanarwa.

Jinkirin hanyar sadarwa (network latency) babbar matsala ce musamman ga ayyukan cryptocurrency. Yana daukar lokaci daban-daban kafin hanyoyin sadarwa da ke warwatse a sassan duniya daban-daban su karbi bayanan hada-hadar kudi. Hanyoyin sadarwa masu jinkiri na iya haifar da rashin daidaito a tsarin jerin hada-hadar kudi, wanda ke saukaka ayyukan front running da cin zarafin kasuwa. Tsarin ciniki mai saurin gaske (low-latency) ya haifar da wata gasar neman kusanci da hanyoyin sadarwa na shahararrun wuraren musayar kudi (exchanges), wanda hakan ke kara mayar da wasu sassan tsarin cryptocurrency wuri guda a kusa da manyan cibiyoyin kudi.

Dogaro da igiyoyin karkashin teku yana haifar da rauni ga tsarin hanyoyin sadarwa na cryptocurrency wanda ya wuce matsalolin sadarwa na yau da kullun. Kashi 99% na bayanan kasa da kasa ana tura su ne ta kusan igiyoyin fiber 400 na karkashin teku wadanda suka kai tsawon kilomita miliyan 1.3 tsakanin nahiyoyi a kasan teku. Wadannan igiyoyi suna fuskantar hadarin lalacewa daga annobar dabi'a (girgizar kasa, tsunami), ankon jiragen ruwan kasuwanci da ke ratsa teku don neman gajeriyar hanya tsakanin tashoshin jiragen ruwa, da kayan kamun kifi da ke iya sarkafe igiyar ba tare da sani ba, ko kuma zagon kasa da gangan daga hukumomin gwamnati ko wasu kungiyoyi. Katsewar igiya guda daya na iya raba daukacin yankuna da hanyoyin sadarwa na cryptocurrency, wanda ke haifar da jinkirin hada-hadar kudi, yiwuwar rabuwar tsarin (forks), da kuma rugujewar ka'idojin yarjejeniya (consensus protocols). Kuma yawaitar wuraren saukar igiyoyin sadarwa na ƙarƙashin teku yana haifar da ƙarin raunanan hanyoyi: Yawancin zirga-zirgar sadarwa tsakanin nahiyoyi na duniya ana tura su ne ta wasu ƴan cibiyoyin gabar teku, kuma yanke kaɗan daga cikinsu na iya dakatar da kowane nau'in mu'amala na ɗan lokaci.

## Bukatun Na'urori da Nauyin Amfani da Wutar Lantarki

Haƙar kuɗaɗen intanet (Cryptocurrency mining) yana buƙatar na'urori na musamman waɗanda aka ƙera don dacewa da ayyukan "cryptographic hash" waɗanda ke buƙatar yin biliyoyin lissafi a kowane sakan tare da amfani da ƙaramin adadin makamashi. ASICs sakamakon ingantaccen aikin injiniya ne kuma su ne mafi kyawun nau'in na'urorin haƙar kuɗaɗen intanet da ake da su a yau, waɗanda kwanan nan suka kai sama da terahashes 200 a kowane sakan a matakan amfani da wutar lantarki da suka wuce watts 3,000 kowannensu. Ana kera waɗannan na'urori ne ta amfani da fasahohin sarrafa "semiconductor" na zamani waɗanda suka kai girman 7nm ko ƙasa da haka, kuma suna da hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki da suka bazu a nahiyoyi da dama. Lokacin da aka saba ɗauka don ƙirƙirar sabbin nau'ikan ASIC shine watanni 12 zuwa 18, tare da babban jarin da zai iya wuce dala miliyan 100 don mafi kyawun samfuran.

Amfani da wutar lantarki na hanyoyin sadarwa na kuɗaɗen intanet ya zama mai yawa kuma yana sanya matsin lamba ga tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na yau da kullun. Hanyar sadarwa ta Bitcoin tana amfani da kusan terawatt-hours 150 a shekara, kusan adadin da ƙasashen Argentina ko Netherlands ke amfani da shi. Wannan babban buƙatar makamashi yana sanya sabon matsin lamba ga samarwa da rarraba wutar lantarki, har ma ya haifar da rashin daidaiton wutar lantarki a wasu yankuna — hakan ya faru ne saboda yawan amfani da wutar lantarki da masu haƙar kuɗaɗen ke yi a wuri guda. Ethereum ya riga ya kasance a kan hanyar rage amfani da makamashi da kashi 99.95% ta hanyar "proof of stake", amma sauran hanyoyin sadarwa na "proof-of-work" suna amfani da adadi mai yawa na wutar lantarki wanda ya zama babban ƙalubale ga tsarin wutar lantarki na gida.

Tasirin haƙar kuɗaɗen intanet ga muhalli ba kawai a amfani da wutar lantarki yake ba, har ma da buƙatar sanyaya na'urori, hayakin masana'antu, da kuma sharar kayan lantarki (e-waste).

Kwakwalwar ASIC suna amfani da adadi mai yawa na sinadaran "rare earth elements" kuma tsarin samar da su yana taimakawa wajen fitar da hayaki mai guba (carbon emissions) mai yawa. Ganin yadda kayayyakin hakar ma'adinai (mining hardware) ke daina yayi da sauri, sharar lantarki (e-waste) wata babbar damuwa ce kuma barazana ce ga muhalli a yankunan da ba su da damar sake sarrafa shara. Rarraba kayayyakin hakar ma'adinai na fuskantar matsalolin sufuri (logistics) masu sarkakiya sakamakon bambancin kasashe da dokoki, inda wasu muhimman masana'antu ke a wasu yankuna na musamman, wanda hakan ke haifar da cikas a tsarin samar da kayayyaki (supply chain) da ka iya kara tabarbarewa sakamakon rikice-rikicen siyasa ko bala'o'in halitta.

## Kalubale a Fannin Tsarin Kwamfuta da Tsaron Kwangilar Wayo (Smart Contract)

Tsara ka'idojin (protocols) kudaden intanet (cryptocurrency) ya kunshi warware matsalolin tsari masu sarkakiya a fannoni daban-daban da suka hada da boyayyen rubutu (cryptography), yarjejeniyar bai-daya (distributed consensus), hanyoyin karfafa gwiwa (incentive mechanisms), da kuma fasahar tsarin yarjejeniya (consensus mechanism engineering). Sarkakiyar wadannan tsare-tsare ta karu sosai yayin da hanyoyin sadarwa na blockchain suka bunkasa daga littattafan adana bayanan hada-hada (ledgers) masu sauki zuwa manyan dandamali na hada-hadar kudi masu sarkakiya da manhajoji marasa uwar gida (decentralized applications). Kwangilolin wayo (Smart contracts) suna kara karfi da sarkakiya sakamakon yanayinsu na rashin canzawa da kuma tasirinsu na kudi nan take, wanda ke nufin cewa kuskure guda daya a rubuta lambobin kwamfuta (code) na iya sa makudan daloli da ba a taba gani ba sai a tatsuniyoyin allo su bace cikin kankanin lokaci.

![](https://netts.io/blog/articles/purely-technical-problems-of-cryptocurrencies/images/1-2.png)

Duk da cewa ana amfani da yaren Solidity sosai ga kwangilolin wayo a tsarin Ethereum, yana dauke da matsaloli da dama da kan iya haifar da rauni (vulnerabilities) mai tsanani. Matsalolin da aka saba gani sun hada da yanayin "integer overflow" da "underflow", dabarun "reentrancy" ta hanyar amfani da "recursion" a kiran ayyuka (function calls), ba wa masu amfani ikon da bai dace ba na yin abubuwan da ba a ba su izini ba, da kuma raunin "front-running" don taba farashin kasuwa.

Bugu da ƙari, takaitaccen tsarin umarni da tsarin gine-gine mai dogaro da jeri (stack-based architecture) na EVM suna haifar da ƙarin matsaloli ga masu haɓaka software waɗanda suka saba da salon shirye-shirye na yau da kullun. Saboda kayan aikin gyaran kura-kurai (debugging) ko na gwaji ba su ci gaba sosai ba, har ma da ƙananan kura-kurai masu wuyar ganwa suna da wuyar ganowa lokacin da aka tura sabon umarni.

Hanyoyin bincike na ƙa'ida (formal methodologies) sun zama muhimman hanyoyin tabbatar da tsaron kwangiloli masu basira (smart contracts), kodayake waɗannan galibi suna buƙatar ilimi na musamman da kuma tsadar sarrafa bayanai (computation costs) kafin su yi amfani. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan dabarun lissafi don tantancewa da kuma tabbatar da cewa tsarin kwangila (contract logic) daidai yake tare da taimakon masu tabbatar da hasashe (theorem provers) da masu duba samfura (model checkers), amma yana iya zama aiki mai wahala sosai don gudanar da cikakken tantancewa a cikin hadaddun tsarin kamar DeFi inda kwangiloli da dama suke mu'amala da juna. Tantance irin waɗannan hasashen yawanci yana ɗaukar watanni na aiki daga ƙungiyoyin masana lissafi na musamman da masana kimiyyar kwamfuta, abin da abin takaici ba zai yiwu ba ga yawancin ƙananan ayyuka. Tsarin gwaji na atomatik (misali, KLEE, CREST), da kayan aikin nazari na tsaye (static analysis tools) suna samar da mafita na ɗan lokaci amma ba za su iya maye gurbin basirar ɗan adam ba wanda ke iya gano raunukan tsaro (vulnerabilities) masu wuyar ganwa waɗanda kayan aikin atomatik za su iya rasa.

Daidaituwa tsakanin tsarin daban-daban (cross-compatibility) gwaji ne na dindindin ga tsarin kuɗaɗen intanet (cryptocurrency) waɗanda aka tsara don yin aiki ba tare da kuskure ba a sassa daban-daban na tsarin aiki (operating systems) da dandali na na'urori (hardware platforms). Akwai samfuran tsaro daban-daban, hanyoyin sarrafa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (memory handling), dakunan karatu na crypto (crypto libraries) da tsarin sadarwa (network stacks) a cikin tsarin aiki. Tabbatar da cewa lambar kwamfuta (code) tana aiki yadda ya kamata a dukkan dandali da ake tallafawa: Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS da Android wani dogon tsari ne da ke buƙatar gwaji mai zurfi da daidaitawa na musamman ga kowane dandali, wanda hakan na iya sa haɓaka software ya ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo kuma ya zama mai rikitarwa.

Amfani da na'urorin tsaro na hardware (HSM) da muhallan aiwatarwa amintattu (TEE) yana ƙara dagula ci gaban kuɗaɗen intanet (cryptocurrency) ta hanyar buƙatar hanyoyin sadarwa na shirye-shirye na musamman (bespoke programming interfaces) da aiwatarwa da suka dogara da dandamali.

## Haɗakarwa da Kalubalen Lissafi na Hankali na Na'ura (AI)

Hankali na na'ura (AI) a cikin kuɗaɗen intanet yana ba da dama da ƙalubale masu ban mamaki ga yadda ake gina hanyoyin sadarwa da aka rarraba (distributed networks) tun da farko. AI na iya inganta tsaro ta hanyar amfani da ingantattun tsarin da za su iya gano abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba a yanayin hada-hadar kuɗi, algorithms na dabarun saka hannun jari da suka dogara da koyon na'ura (machine learning) waɗanda ke daidaita kansu da yanayin kasuwa, rigakafin zamba tare da nazarin hali da algorithms na tantance haɗari. Amma AI yana buƙatar babban ƙarfin lissafi wanda zai iya loda wa kayan aikin hanyar sadarwa na yanzu nauyi kuma ya samar da sabbin damammaki ga mahara don kai hare-hare.

Gabaɗaya, algorithms na koyon na'ura galibi suna gudana ne akan na'urorin haɓaka hardware da aka kera na musamman (misali, graphical processing units [GPUs], tensor processing units [TPUs], field-programmable gate arrays [FPGAs]), wanda hakan kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga jimillar amfani da makamashi wajen hakar kuɗaɗen intanet (cryptocurrency mining). Farashin lissafi na horarwa da ƙaddamarwa (inference) na iya zama mai yawa – manyan samfuran harshe (large language models) na iya buƙatar ɗaruruwan gigabytes na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kuma suna buƙatar sarrafa ROPs ko teraflops. Gabatar da waɗannan tsarin a kan hanyoyin sadarwa na blockchain yana haifar da sabbin matsalolin yarjejeniya (consensus problems) tunda lissafin AI ba zai iya zama tabbatacce (deterministic) ba, kuma/ko kowane memba na hanyar sadarwar ba zai iya sanin sa ba.

![](https://netts.io/blog/articles/purely-technical-problems-of-cryptocurrencies/images/1-3.png)

Tabbatar da gaskiyar algorithm da adalci a cikin tsarin kuɗaɗen intanet da suka dogara da AI yana haifar da ƙalubale da ba a taɓa gani ba tunda hakan ya saba wa tsarin rarraba iko (decentralization) da hanyoyin sadarwa na blockchain ke bayarwa.

Kulawa ta tsakiya irin wadda ake bukata don sabuntawa da kuma kula da samfuran AI ya saba wa tsarin shugabanci mara tsakiya wanda ke bayyana tsarin kudaden cryptocurrency. Hanyoyin koyo na tarayya (Federated learning) suna ba da mafita masu yiwuwa waɗanda ke ba da damar rarraba horar da samfura da kuma kiyaye rashin tsakiya na hanyar sadarwa, amma gina irin waɗannan tsarin ya ƙunshi hanyoyin daidaitawa masu sarƙaƙiya da ƙa'idojin sadarwa masu ƙarfi waɗanda za su iya jure rarrabuwar hanyar sadarwa da gazawar Byzantine.

Tsadar haɗa AI a cikin hanyar sadarwar su na iya nufin cewa samar da kowane mataki na sakamako wanda ya dace da kuɗin da za a kashe tun da farko ba zai yi aiki ba. Sarrafa AI nan take don saka idanu kan tsaro ko inganta ciniki dole ne ya gudana tare da mafi ƙarancin jinkiri (low-latency) mai yiwuwa, buƙatar da wataƙila ta saba wa hanyoyin cimma matsaya (consensus mechanisms) na blockchain waɗanda aka tsara su don tsaro da rashin tsakiya fiye da sauri. Ƙara AI kuma yana haifar da sabbin raunin tsaro da fannonin hari waɗanda ya kamata a yi la'akari da su, kamar hare-haren koyon na'ura na adawa (adversarial machine learning) waɗanda za su iya yin katsalandan ga samfuran AI ta hanyar shigar da bayanai da aka tsara su da kyau, wanda ke karya tsarin tsaro ko ba da damar juya kasuwanni.

## Ingantawa don Wayar Salula da Daidaituwa Tsakanin Dandamali Daban-daban

Kayan aikin wayar salula suna da wasu iyakoki kamar ƙarancin ikon sarrafawa idan aka kwatanta da kwamfutoci (PCs), ƙaramin girman ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ke takaita sarƙaƙiyar ayyukan sirri (cryptographic operations), da iyakantaccen tsawon rayuwar baturi wanda ke buƙatar sarrafa makamashi yadda ya kamata.

Gudanar da cikakken kumburi (full node) a wayar salula a halin yanzu ba zai yiwu ba ta fuskar ma'aji, wanda zai iya wuce GB 100 cikin sauki, ko kuma ta fuskar bandwidth (zai cinye iyakar bayanan intanet cikin sauri), wanda ke bukatar kananan kwastomomi (Light clients) wadanda ke dogara da tsarin wasu kuma hakan na iya haifar da matsalolin tsarin bai-daya (centralization).

![](https://netts.io/blog/articles/purely-technical-problems-of-cryptocurrencies/images/1-4.png)

Bambance-bambancen SoC/kayayyaki na sa ingantawa (optimization) ya yi wahala kuma hakan na bukatar algorithms masu basira da ke iya saba da yanayi. Akwai nau'o'in girman fuska daban-daban tun daga kananan fuskoki zuwa manyan na'urori masu saukin dauka har ma da manyan fuskokin kwamfutar tebur, sannan daban-daban na kaifin hoto (resolutions) tun daga maras karfi (QVGA) zuwa mai inganci (HDTV da sauransu) wadanda Tsarin (System) zai iya dauka, kuma ya kamata Fuskar Mu'amala da Mai Amfani (User Interface) ta yi la'akari da wadannan a kowane lokaci. Inganta aiki dole ne ya yi la'akari da tsarin sarrafa bayanai (processor architectures) daban-daban kamar ARM, x86 da wasu chipsets na musamman, nau'o'in karfin memory tsakanin 2GB zuwa 16GB da kuma karfin baturi wanda ke tasiri kan tsawon lokacin da na'urar za ta iya gudanar da lissafin sirri na cryptography mai nauyi.

Tsarin barazana na na'urorin salula na sa tsaro ga manhajojin kudin intanet (cryptocurrency) ya kasance mai kalubale. Tsarin gudanarwa na wayoyin salula na kawo hanyoyin tsaro daban-daban; iOS na amfani da tsarin kebewa (sandboxed), wanda ke hana manhajoji shiga albarkatun tsarin, yayin da a Android tsarin zai iya hadawa da zurfafa shiga cikin tsarin wanda hakan ke kara fadin wurin da za a iya kai hari (attack surface).

Domin adana makullai masu tsaro, mutum yana bukatar yin amfani da wuraren ajiya masu tsaro (secure enclaves) na kowane dandamali da kuma shiyyoyin aiwatarwa amintattu (trusted execution zones), yayin da tallafin na'urorin karanta sawun yatsa, tsarin gane fuska, ko manhajar gane murya ke da muhimmanci don tantancewa ta hanyar halittar jiki (biometric authentication).

Yanayin barazana a fadin wayoyin hannu cike yake da hanyoyin kai hari na zamani, kamar manhajoji masu cutarwa (malware) da za su iya daukar bugun madannai ko abubuwan da ke kan allo; hare-haren hanyar sadarwa wadanda ke amfani da damar budaddiyar hanyar Wi-Fi ko wasu nau'ikan raunin tsaro na jama'a da kuma katsalandan na zahiri don kara tsoratarwa da bude na'ura. Yin amfani da ka'idojin sadarwa masu tsaro dole ne ya hada da tallafi ga "certificate pinning", "perfect forward secrecy" da kuma kariya daga harin "man-in-the-middle". An samar da tsarin gina manhajoji na dandaloli daban-daban (cross-platform development frameworks) don kokarin shawo kan wadannan matsaloli, inda suke samar da rukunin APIs iri daya don gina manhajoji a dandalolin wayoyin hannu daban-daban; sai dai, hakan yakan haifar da nauyi ga aiki da takunkumi wadanda a karshe za su iya kaiwa ga kasadar tsaro ko rashin jin dadin mai amfani.

## Hanyoyin Gudanar da Makamashi da Sarrafa su ta Atamfawa

Domin jure bukatun makamashi masu sarkakiya da hanyoyin sadarwa na kudin intanet (cryptocurrency networks) ke gabatarwa, ana bukatar ingantacciyar hanyar sarrafa abubuwa ta atamfawa (automation) wacce za ta iya raba albarkatu yadda ya kamata yayin da take rage tsada. Kananan kamfanoni masu tasowa kamar Netts sun fito da hanyoyin kirkira don magance matsalar wakiltar Makamashi (Energy delegating), suna samar da tsare-tsare masu sauki don samar da Makamashi mara iyaka ga ma'amaloli a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta TRON — ta hanyar amfani da API mai saukin ganowa.

![](https://netts.io/blog/articles/purely-technical-problems-of-cryptocurrencies/images/1-5.png)

Ta hanyar hayar Makamashi ta atamfawa mai basira, masu amfani za su iya samun farashi mai kyau na Makamashin TRON ba tare da nauyin gudanarwa da hannu ba — misali ne na yadda ci gaban fasaha a fannin atamfawa ke taimakawa wajen kalubalen gudanarwa da ke fuskantar kayayyakin more rayuwa na kudin intanet.