---
title: "Inganta Fasahar Blockchain: Babban Abubuwan da Ke Kawo Cikas"
description: "Dalilin da ya sa blockchain ke samun tsaiko: matsalar scalability trilemma, mempools, gas, kudaden consensus, da kuma sauye-sauyen fasaha a bayan duk wani \"za mu gyara shi gaba.\""
language: ha
published: 2026-04-08
author: Netts
topic: "Insights"
canonical: https://netts.io/blog/optimization-of-blockchain-main-bottlenecks?lang=ha
languages: [en, ru, es, zh, th, fr, uk, tr, hi, fa, ar, ha, pt, vi, ko, ja, id, de, tl]
translation_outdated: false
---
# Inganta Fasahar Blockchain: Babban Abubuwan da Ke Kawo Cikas

Dalilin da ya sa blockchain ke samun tsaiko: matsalar scalability trilemma, mempools, gas, kudaden consensus, da kuma sauye-sauyen fasaha a bayan duk wani "za mu gyara shi gaba."

Ga talakawan masu amfani, yana iya zama kamar fasahar blockchain ta crypto wata na'ura ce marar aibi da ke aiki ba tare da wata tangarda ba. Sai dai kuma kawai suna nuna kura-kurai ne gwargwadon yadda kake amfani da su — kamar hada-hadar kudi da ke makalewa ko lokacin da sabobin sadarwa suka fadi, ko kuma samun wata matsalar fasaha (bug), da sauransu. Menene ke bayan duk wadannan? Ga wanda bai sani ba, blockchain wani littafin ajiyar lissafi ne na dijital mai ban al'ajabi, wata halitta mai sauki da ke rayuwa a ko'ina kuma a babu inda take, tana sarrafa tura darajar kudi nan take ba tare da wani kuskure ba.

Amma gaskiyar ita ce, abin yana da alaka sosai da abubuwan zahiri na duniya. Lokacin da hada-hadar kudi ta makale a cikin mempool na tsawon sa'o'i, yana sa mai amfani ya rasa muhimmiyar damar DeFi liquidation ko kuma lokacin da cunkoson hanyar sadarwa a lokacin minting na wani shahararren NFT ya share duk wani begen kammala ciniki mai riba saboda kudaden gas sun zarce dukkan darajar hada-hadar, wadannan ba kuskuren software ne masu sauki ba. Sakamako ne na matsalolin cikas (bottlenecks) da kowace hanyar sadarwa da ba ta karkashin hukuma daya (decentralized) ke fuskanta.

Wadannan matsalolin ba wai sun faru bane saboda lalacin masu rubuta shirye-shiryen kwamfuta ko rashin kokari. A wani bangaren kuma, wasu daga cikin kwararrun masana kimiyyar kwamfuta da cryptographers a duniya suna aiki dare da rana don magance su. Amma sun ci karo da iyakokin dokokin kimiyyar lissafi, karfin na'urorin kwamfuta (hardware) da kuma sauye-sauyen da ba za a iya kauce musu ba a tsarin da aka rarraba (distributed systems). Domin sanin dalilin da ya sa hada-hadar kuɗin ku ta makale, ko dalilin da ya sa hanyar sadarwar ke jinkiri, muna bukatar duba karkashin injin don ganin kayayyakin da ke sa wannan na'ura aiki — gami da rikicin da ke kawo jinkiri a cikinta.

## Matsalar Scalability Trilemma da Iyakokin Karfin Yin Aiki (Throughput)

Scalability trilemma wataƙila ita ce babban cikas da aka fi sani a blockchain. Ka'idar Vitalik ta triangle game da blockchains ta ce blockchain na iya samun 2 kacal daga cikin wadannan: rashin mallakar wuri guda (decentralization), tsaro (security), da kuma ikon fadada aiki (scalability). Ba za ka iya samun duka su kasance a kololuwa ba. Wannan ba doka bace da aka tsara ta hanyar lissafi, takunkumi ne na halitta a yadda hanyoyin sadarwa da aka rarraba suke aiki. Idan kana son hanyar sadarwa mai sauri sosai (scalable) kuma mai aminci, sau da yawa dole ne ka yi sauye-sauye inda decentralization ke raguwa ta hanyar samun nodes kalilan masu tantance hada-hada. Kana da zabi: idan kana son ta kasance decentralized kuma mai aminci, kamar Bitcoin ko Ethereum, za ka sadaukar da gudu. Wannan ne ya sa Bitcoin ke iya yin kusan hada-hada 7 a sakan daya (TPS) kuma Ethereum na yin kusan 15 — 30 TPS a tushen asali (base layer), yayin da Visa ke iya daukar dubun dubata.

A nan, cikas din shine girman block da lokacinsa. Hanya mai sauki kuma bayyananniya don kara karfin aiki ita ce fadada girman block don cusa karin hada-hada a ciki, ko rage lokacin block domin mu hako blocks da sauri. Amma a nan mun ci karo da iyakacin zahiri: jinkirin yaduwa (propagation delay). Lokacin da mai hakar ma'adinai (miner) ko validator ya gano wani sabon block, dole ne a aika wannan block din zuwa ga kowane node da ke cikin hanyar sadarwa. Wadannan bayanai na iya tafiya ta hanyar wayoyin intanet na duniya, fiber optics da routers. Tabbas akwai iyakoki, gudun haske, da karfin bandwidth na kayayyakin intanet. Idan block ya yi nauyi da yawa, yana iya daukar lokaci mai tsawo wajen saukewa da tantancewa. Blocks da yawa da aka samar cikin sauri na iya fitowa a lokaci guda daga miners daban-daban yayin da block na baya-bayan nan bai riga ya bazu ba, wanda zai haifar da "forks" ko "orphan blocks" (ko "uncles" a Ethereum).

Yawan adadin uncle rate yana nuna cewa hanyar sadarwar tana bata karfin kwamfuta a kan blocks din da ba sa shiga babban layin (main chain), wanda ke raunana tsaro yayin da kyakkyawan aikin hashing ke rabuwa. Don haka, iyaka a kan TPS, a hakikanin gaskiya, iyaka ce ta daidaiton hanyar sadarwa (network synchronisation). Baya ga wannan, kowane block yana da iyakar “gas limit” ko “block weight”. Wannan ba wai kawai don kayyade adadin hada-hada bane, har ma da kare hanyar sadarwa daga hare-haren Denial of Service (DoS). Idan babu iyaka kan yawan lissafin da block zai iya kunsa, mahari zai iya cika hanyar sadarwa da hada-hada masu sarƙaƙiya wadanda ke daukar lokaci mai tsawo kafin a sarrafa su tare da daskare dukkan tsarin.

## Layer 2 da Cikas Din Scalability Saboda Samun Bayanai (Data Availability)

Don kauce wa takunkumin Layer 1, masana'antar ta kirkiro hanyoyin warware matsala na Layer 2 - musamman "rollups". Wadannan ka'idoji (protocols) suna gudanar da hada-hada a wajen babban layin (off-chain), su tara su a cikin block daya sannan su dawo da wani takaitaccen tsari ko shaidar cryptographic zuwa babban layin (Layer 1). Yana kama da kyakkyawan ra'ayi, duk da haka yana kawo wani karin nauyi: DA (data availability). Ko da lissafin yana gudana a wajen babban layin, dole ne isassun bayanai don "sake gina" yanayin rollup su kasance a kan babban layin (on-chain) domin kowa ya iya dubawa.

![Inganta Fasahar Blockchain: Babban Abubuwan da Ke Kawo Cikas](https://netts.io/blog/images/body/7e75517bf2097116c387c5d68f9d8fee893c38c7-370.webp)

Gurbin block a kan babban layin abu ne mai daraja da karanci. Misali, zai zama mai tsada sosai wajen sanya adadi mai yawa na call data zuwa Ethereum. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa muke ganin shawarwari kamar EIP-4844 (Proto-Danksharding) na gabatar da ra'ayin “blobs” — wani sabon nau'in ajiye bayanai wanda ya fi sauki kuma ba ya zama na dindindin, wanda aka tsara shi don rollups kawai. Amma, ko da tare da blobs akwai iyaka ga yawan bayanan da za ka iya tura wa ta hanyar sadarwar ba tare da samun nodes da suka yi nauyi ba. Lokacin da DA layer ta cika, kudin amfani da wadannan Layer 2s yana tashi sosai tunda rollups suna tsere don samun wannan karamin fili don sanya tarin bayanan su (batches). Wannan yana haifar da kasuwa inda farashin hada-hada a wani L2 mai sauki ya danganta kai tsaye da cunkoson wani L1 mai tsada. Zabi ne tsakanin sadaukar da kai ga tsaro da kudin tabbatar da tsaro (sanyawa a L1) da kuma ainihin amfani da shi.

## Nauyin Tarihi: Karuwar Yanayin Ajiya (State Expansion) da Wuraren Ajiya

Daya daga cikin mafi mahimmanci — kuma wanda aka fi mantawa da shi — shine kumburin yanayin ajiya ("state bloat"). Blockchain ya kunshi kwafin kowace hada-hadar kudi da ta taba faruwa. Yayin da mutane da yawa ke amfani da hanyar sadarwar, wannan tarihin yana fadada. Amma ba wai kawai tarihin bane; shine “state” — ma'aunin asusun kowane mutum da abin da kowane smart contract ya kunsa a halin yanzu. Dole ne node ya kasance yana iya tantance hada-hada domin ya san ainihin yanayin yanzu. Yana bukatar ta wata hanya ya tabbatar da cewa tabbas Alice tana da tokens 10 da take son turawa Bob. Yayin da jihar (state) ke kara girma, ana bukatar karin RAM da ma'ajiyar SSD don samun bayanai da sauri.

![Inganta Fasahar Blockchain: Babban Abubuwan da Ke Kawo Cikas](https://netts.io/blog/images/body/2fb3e1c21235d8bd9ed49157ed735b2f695a6942-1011.webp)

Idan state ta yi girma da yawa da ba za ta iya shiga a kayan aikin kwamfuta na yau da kullun ba, manyan dakunan ajiye bayanai (datacenters) ne kawai za su iya gudanar da nodes. Wannan yana cutar da decentralization. Inganta wannan yana da matukar wahala. Ba za ka iya kawai goge tsofaffin bayanai ba, saboda ya dogara ne a kan dukkan tarihin layin tun daga Genesis block. Masu haɓakawa suna gwaji tare da “stateless clients” da "state expiry”, ta hanyar yin rikodin tsofaffin bayanai da kuma amfani da isasshiyar shaidarsu kawai a maimakon haka. Amma wadannan hanyoyi ne na cryptographic masu sarƙaƙiya wadanda ke daukar shekaru don aiwatarwa cikin aminci. Kullum muna yaki ne da tara bayanan da suka wuce kima.

Kowane contract da kake kafawa, kowane token da ka kera nauyi ne da node dole ya dauka har abada. Wannan amfani da albarkatu shine dalilin da ya sa wasu hanyoyin sadarwa ke amfani da samfuran albarkatu kamar Energy da Bandwidth. Masu amfani na iya bukatar cika maki na Energy don mu'amala da smart contract ba tare da kashe tokens ba, ko kuma samun TRON Energy wanda ke sa a sarrafa hada-hada cikin sauri sosai. Irin wadannan samfura kokari ne na sanya kudi daidai gwargwadon nauyin da aka dora wa hanyar sadarwa - mutanen da ke amfani da wata state dole ne su biya kudin kula da ita. Ba tare da irin wadannan hanyoyin ba, "hadarin amfanin gama-gari" zai haifar da layin da zai cika kuma ya daina amfani.

## Yarjejeniya (Consensus) da Matsalolinta ta Hanyar Tsarin Consensus

A zuciyar kowane blockchain akwai tsarin cimma matsaya (consensus mechanism) — yadda dubban baki za su iya amincewa a tare a kan gaskiya guda daya. Ko da mutum yana magana ne game da PoW ko PoS, yarjejeniya a koda yaushe tana kunshe da wani matakin sadarwa da lissafi. A cikin PoW, jinkirin ya samo asali ne daga yawan karfin lantarki da kayan aikin da ake bukata don kare hanyar sadarwar. Kalubalen daidaita wahala (difficulty adjustment) shine kiyaye fitowar blocks a kan kudi wanda ba shi da sauri sosai (tsaro) kuma ba shi da jinkiri sosai (gudu). Ga PoS, da yake ba ya cin wutar lantarki da yawa, cikas din yana fitowa ne ta fuskar nauyin sadarwa (communication overhead).

Validators suna bukatar musayar sakonni akai-akai a matsayin shaida game da yadda ya kamata a dauki blocks a matsayin ingantattu. Yayin da adadin validators ke karuwa don habaka decentralization, adadin sakonni shima yana karuwa (cikin sauri). Wannan "hirar" na iya cika hanyar sadarwa fiye da kima. Aiki ne mai girman gaske don inganta algorithm din consensus domin ya daidaita cikin sauki zuwa dubban validators ba tare da rage gudun hada-hada zuwa rarrafe ba. Yana amfani da ilimin lissafi na musamman da dabarun “tattara sa hannu” (signature aggregation) (kamar BLS signatures) don takaita dubban kuri'u zuwa karamin bayani guda daya. Haka kuma, "kammalawar karshe" (finality) ta hada-hada — tabbacin cewa ba za a iya soke ta ba — ita ma ta kasance mai dogaro da yiwuwar lissafi.

A cikin hanyoyin sadarwa da yawa, dole ne ka jira adadin wasu blocks don tabbatarwa da tabbas. Wannan jinkirin lokaci yana faruwa ne saboda haduwar consensus din hanyar sadarwa. Wani bangare ne na tsaro, ba kuskure ba, amma yana iya zama kamar wani cikas ga mai amfani da ke fatan samun tabbaci nan take. Bugu da kari, matsalar "Nothing at Stake" ta farko a tsarin PoS ta sanya dole a samar da hadaddun tsarin "slashing" don hukunta rashin da'a, wanda hakan ke kara wani lissafi da za a sarrafa a kowane block. Wani cikas din da ke boye shine “bambancin abokan hulda na software” (client diversity). Lokacin da kowa ke amfani da software daya (misali, Geth), kuskure guda daya (bug) na iya saukar da dukkan hanyar sadarwar. Yana da mahimmanci a karfafa bambancin yanayin muhalli game da clients don samar da juriya, amma wannan yana kara yawan aikin ci gaba.

## Boyayyen Haraji: MEV da Cikas Din Aiwatarwa (Execution)

Injin Kirkirar Yanayi (Virtual Machine - VM): Wannan shine wurin aiwatar da aiki don smart contracts. Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) shine tsarin da aka saba amfani da shi, amma ba a tsara shi don ayyuka masu yawa da ke tafiya a lokaci guda (parallel operations) a farko ba. Yana karbar hada-hada daya bayan daya kuma yana sarrafa su bisa tsarin da aka karbe su. Idan hada-hada daya tana da matukar sarkakiya kuma tana daukar lokaci mai tsawo don lissafawa, kowa dole ne ya jira a layi. Wannan yayi daidai da layi guda daya na biyan kudi a shagon sayar da kayan abinci. Blockchains na zamani suna kokarin cimma “aiwatarwa a lokaci guda” (parallel execution), inda hada-hadar da ba ta shafi juna ba (misali, Alice tana biyan Bob sannan Charlie yana biyan Dave) za a iya sarrafa su a lokaci guda ta bangarori daban-daban na CPU cores. Amma hakan a wasu lokutan ya fi sauki a baki fiye da aikatawa. Kalubale ne mai wahala a kimiyyar kwamfuta don gano hada-hadar da ke tsoma baki a ainihin lokacin aiki.

![Inganta Fasahar Blockchain: Babban Abubuwan da Ke Kawo Cikas](https://netts.io/blog/images/body/b823fbffb72f11d2be4e543a0e2fab80611c14b0-1440.webp)

Bayan gudun aiwatarwa, akwai cikas na MEV. Tun da mafi yawan hada-hada ana iya ganin su da zarar an tura su zuwa mempool, bots masu ci gaba na iya yin gaba ko shiga tsakani (front-run/sandwich) a kan hada-hadar masu amfani don neman riba. Wannan a hakikanin gaskiya wani boyayyen haraji ne ga masu amfani, wanda ke haifar da rashin kyawun farashin canji da kuma faduwar hada-hada. Yana cika hanyar sadarwa da kwararar sakonnin banza na bots da ke fada da juna. Maganin MEV yana daya daga cikin manyan matsaloli a inganta blockchain. Hanyoyi kamar “rabewar mai bada shawara da mai ginawa” (proposer-builder separation) suna aiki don tsara al'amarin, amma ya kasance matsala mai ci gaba da ke haifar da rashin jin dadin amfani da tsarin.

## Duniyar da Ta Rarrabu: Kalubalen Hadin Gwiwa (Interoperability)

Tare da sauyawa zuwa duniyar da ke da hanyoyin sadarwa masu yawa (multi-chain), sabon cikas ya taso — hadin gwiwa tsakanin tsarin daban-daban (interoperability). Mun gina kananan tsibirai na darajar kudi. Mayar da kadarori daga Ethereum zuwa Solana ko Bitcoin zuwa hanyar sadarwa ta Layer 2 yana bukatar “bridges” (gada). Wadannan gadojin sune wurare masu rauni a cikin tsarin, wadanda ke fuskantar barazanar hare-hare da fashi (hacks). Tsarin "wrapping" na tokens wani mataki ne na sarkakiya da kuma yiwuwar hadari. Cikas din a wannan bangare shine rashin ka'idar sadarwa ta bai-daya. Kowace blockchain tana magana ne da yare daban kuma tana da matsaya daban-daban a kan lokaci da kammalawar hada-hada.

Gina gada da "ba ta bukatar amincewar wani" (trustless) — wadda ba ta dogara ga mai kula da tsakiya ba — abu ne mai matukar wahala a fannin lissafi. Yana bukatar daya daga cikin layukan biyu ya gudanar da “light client” (misali, tantance headers da proofs). Wannan kuma yana cin karfin lissafi da bayanai sosai. Baya ga wahalar motsa kudade (liquidity) a fadin layuka daban-daban, wannan yana rarraba kasuwa kuma yana sa ta rashin inganci. Masu amfani suna makale a kan layi guda ba tare da wata hanya mai sauki ta sake cika TRON Energy da matsar da kadarorin su inda aka fi samun riba mai yawa ba, sai dai idan sun bi ta cikin hadaddun ka'idoji masu cike da hadari. Bugu da kari, “atomic composability” — ra'ayin cewa zan iya yin hada-hada tare da ka'idoji da yawa a lokaci guda a cikin hada-hada guda — yana salwanta lokacin da mutum ya matsa tsakanin layuka. Ba za ka iya karbar rancen gaggawa (flash loan) a Layi A don yin kasuwancin riba a kan wani abu da ke faruwa a Layi B ba tare da babban hadari da jinkiri ba.

## Bangaren Dan Adam: Shugabanci da Karfin Sauye-sauye (Upgradeability)

A karshe, mafi ban haushi a cikin dukkan cikas na iya zama na dan adam: shugabanci (governance). Blockchains software ne, kuma software na bukatar sabuntawa. Amma a cikin hanyar sadarwar da ba ta karkashin kowa, ta yaya mutum zai yanke shawarar yaushe da kuma yadda za a yi sabuntawar? Shirya “hard fork,” wato sabuntawa wadda ba ta dace da tsohon tsari ba, tana kunshe da yarjejeniya tsakanin masu haɓakawa, wadanda ke gudanar da nodes a hanyar sadarwa da miners/validators gami da matsaya ta bai-daya daga al'umma. Idan akwai rashin jituwa, layin na iya canza alkibla, kamar yadda ya faru da Ethereum wanda daga baya layin ya rabu zuwa abin da a yanzu suke tsabar kudi biyu: Ethereum da Ethereum Classic.

Wannan bukatar samun amincewar jama'a yana tsayawa a matsayin shamaki ba wai kawai ga canji ba har ma da kirkire-kirkire. Kamfanin fasaha na yau da kullum na iya tura sabuntawa zuwa sabobinsa a cikin mintuna kalilan. Idan blockchain yana bukatar bin kowace ka'ida f, ko da don mafi karancin ayyuka ya zama ba zai yiwu ba ga layin ya rungumi sabbin gyare-gyare cikin sauri. Wannan "rage shugabanci" (governance minimization) sau da yawa shine burin, amma a farkon matakai, shugabanci mai karsashi yana da mahimmanci don magance kura-kurai da inganta ka'idoji. Zabi tsakanin gaggauta aiki da karya dokoki tare da natsuwa, rashin canzawa a koda yaushe wata majiyar rikici ce. Shine abin da zai iya mayar da wasu daga cikin muhimman abubuwan ingantawa, kamar karin girman block ko ma canji a tsarin kudin hada-hada, zuwa fagen fama na siyasa wanda ke kawo jinkiri ga ci gaba har na tsawon shekaru.

## Kammalawa

Matsalolin cikas na blockchain — scalability, samun bayanai, kumburin ajiya (state bloat), nauyin consensus, gudun aiwatarwa, MEV, hadin gwiwar tsarin (interoperability) da kuma shugabanci ba shinge bane da aka kirkira haka kawai. Sakamako ne na babban buri na gina kwamfutar duniya wadda ba ta bukatar amincewar wani, wadda ba ta karkashin kowa, kuma mai cikakken tsaro. Kowane ingantawa yana zuwa da nasa zabin sadaukarwa. Kara girman block yana cutar da decentralization. Sharding yana sa tsaro ya zama kalubale mai wuya. Aiwatarwa a lokaci guda (parallel execution) na fuskantar hadarin rashin daidaiton bayanai. Don haka abin mamaki ne ganin ci gaban matakin 2026 a kan Layer 2 rollups, daukar samfurin bayanai da hada su, da zero-knowledge snarks balle ma proofs a dunkule sun zama gaskiya a yanzu ta hanyar mutanen da suka yi tunani mai zurfi na wasu shekaru.

Amma godiya ga basirar dan adam, muna ci gaba da tsallake wadannan iyakoki na zahiri da na dabaru a hankali amma tabbas. Sai dai masu amfani dole ne su fahimci cewa wannan "tuntube" da suke ji shine farashin amfani da tsarin da aka gina a kan dokokin kimiyyar lissafi da cikakkiyar yarjejeniya, maimakon dogaro ga wata hukuma ta tsakiya. Kamar yadda kake iya bukatar TRON Energy don iya biyan kudin hada-hada a hanyar sadarwa da aka rarraba, masana'antar na bukatar kwararar sabbin dabaru akai-akai don fadada wadannan tsarin ga daukacin duniya.

![Inganta Fasahar Blockchain: Babban Abubuwan da Ke Kawo Cikas](https://netts.io/blog/images/body/c26d933596c51fdc70d19d824069e6ef1642ac2c-539.webp)

Ga masu fuskantar sarkakiyar samun albarkatu a TRON, za su iya amfani da wani abu kamar Netts Energy Charge Bot. Masu caji suna samun Energy don turawa da kuma bayar da hayan ($) ga masu amfani, yayin tura tethers a kan Charge_bot (Telegram), ta wannan hanyar ana rage kudade daga tura USDT. Masu amfani kawai suna bukatar zabar walat ne da kuma ajiye kudi a ciki da TRX, sannan za su iya amfani da kudin tsaka-tsaki don sake cika Energy na tsawon awa daya, domin kada ka kona adadi mai yawa na TRX yayin hada-hada. Yana saukaka lamarin kadan: kawai zabi walat, caje ta, sannan ka yi hada-hadar ka, tare da bot din yana iya lissafa kusan albarkatun da aka kashe. Karamin kayan aiki ne amma mai matukar amfani don inganta yanayin masu amfani (UX) a inda albarkatu ke da muhimmanci!