---
title: "Kripto da Hakin — Mafarkai Masu Ban Tsoro na Black Hat"
description: "Abubuwan kutse na crypto na 'black-hat' — gadoji, makullai, yaudarar jama'a (social engineering), da amfani da raunin tsarin gudanarwa — da kuma matakan kariya masu jinkiri da tsada da kungiyoyi masu kishin gaske ke amfani da su."
language: ha
published: 2026-04-08
author: Netts
topic: "Insights"
canonical: https://netts.io/blog/crypto-and-hacking-black-hat-nightmares?lang=ha
languages: [en, ru, es, zh, th, fr, uk, tr, hi, fa, ar, ha, pt, vi, ko, ja, id, de, tl]
translation_outdated: false
---
# Kripto da Hakin — Mafarkai Masu Ban Tsoro na Black Hat

Abubuwan kutse na crypto na 'black-hat' — gadoji, makullai, yaudarar jama'a (social engineering), da amfani da raunin tsarin gudanarwa — da kuma matakan kariya masu jinkiri da tsada da kungiyoyi masu kishin gaske ke amfani da su.

Ana yawan kwatanta harkar kripto a matsayin wani katafaren ginin ilmin boye (cryptography), yarjejeniyar rarraba iko (decentralized consensus), da kuma littattafan lissafi da ba sa canzawa (immutable ledgers). Amma gaskiyar wannan duniyar dijital ta fi haka sarkakiya, kuma tana da matukar hadari. Kafofin yada labarai na yau da kullum suna magana ne game da kutse a duniyar kripto yawanci ta hanyar yaudarar jama'a (social engineering) ko kamfen din fisin (phishing), ko kuma kawai zamba inda ake sa mai amfani da bai sani ba ya rubuta adireshin musayar kudi ko makullin sirrinsa (private key) a wani shafin yanar gizo na cutarwa.

Amma wannan makalar za ta yi watsi da dukkan wadancan kura-kuran na dan adam. A cikin wannan makalar, za mu yi magana ne game da tsantsar kutse (hacking). Wannan ita ce duniyar da tsaron intanet ya ruguje da kuma lambobin kwamfuta (code) masu cike da kura-kurai wadanda ke haifar da mummunar asara. Wadannan su ne mafarkin masu kutse na mugunta (black hat) inda ake amfani da lambar kwamfuta a matsayin makami kan wadanda suka kera ta, ana kwashe daruruwan miliyoyin daloli a cikin mintuna kalilan ba tare da harba ko da harsashi daya ba; hakan yana tura mu zuwa ga matsananciyar gazawar tunani, kura-kuran manhajar fassara lamba (compiler bugs), da kuma kuskuren tsarin gine-gine.

## Inda Matsalolin Kwangilar Wayo (Smart Contract) Suke Fitowa

Tsantsar kutse a kwangilar wayo yana bukatar bayani don farawa — daya daga cikin shahararrun lokuta a tarihin DeFi, wanda ya sauya alkiblar Ethereum har abada. A zamanin farko na fasahar toshen bayanan da za a iya tsara su (programmable blockchains), akwai wani aiki da ake kira The DAO. An yi nufin asusun ya kasance wani nau'in asusun jarin kasuwanci da aka rarraba ikonsa (decentralized venture capital fund) wanda kwangilar wayo ke tafiyar da shi gaba daya — ba tare da mutane ba.

Kwangilar ta jawo hankalin miliyoyin daloli na Ether daga masu saka jari da ke fatan kada kuri'a kan shawarwari da kuma samun lada. Sai dai, masu samar da manhajar ba su tsara tsarin cire kudi ta hanyar da take da tsaro ba, wanda hakan kuskure ne da ake kira reentrancy.

Reentrancy — Shi ne lokacin da kwangilar wayo ta kira wata kwangilar waje amma ba ta sabunta yanayin cikinta ba. Misali — a cikin The DAO, aikin cire kudi (withdrawal function) ya fara tura kudaden da aka nema zuwa ga mai amfani, sannan ne kawai ya sabunta bayanan mai amfani da adadin da aka cire.

Dan kutse mai mugun nufi (black hat hacker) ya fahimci cewa shi ma zai iya tura wata kwangila mai kaifin basira (smart contract) mai cutarwa wadda take da aikin fallback (fallback function).

Ana kiran aikin fallback din duk lokacin da The DAO ta tura kudi zuwa wannan kwangila mai cutarwa. Aikin fallback din bai tsaya kawai ga karbar kudaden ba, ya sake kiran aikin cire kudi (withdrawal function) na The DAO nan take. Wannan ya sake tada aikin fallback din sau daya nawa, wanda The DAO ta aiwatar, domin ba a riga an sabunta ma'aunin kudin (balance) dan kutsen ba a lokacin cire kudin na farko.

Akai-akai wannan tsari ya ci gaba da faruwa, inda aka kwashe miliyoyin daloli daga The DAO kafin hanyar sadarwar (network) ta sami damar mayar da martani.

## Sakamako da kuma Hard Fork

Sakamakon wannan kutse ya kasance ba kamar komai da muka taba gani ba a baya. Hanyar sadarwar ta kasance cikin hadarin rugujewa; sannan an sace babban kaso na dukkan Ether din da ke akwai. Wannan ya haifar da rikicin wanzuwa da na fasaha ga al'ummar, wanda a karshe ya sa al'ummar aiwatar da hard fork domin mayar da tarihin blockchain din baya da kuma dawo da kudaden.

Wannan shawara mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce ta haddasa baraka ta din-din-din, wadda ta kai ga samun Ethereum da Ethereum Classic. Wannan rauni (vulnerability) na musamman an san shi sosai a yau kuma an fi rage tasirinsa ta hanyar amfani da tsarin Checks-Effects-Interactions.

Wannan tsarin ya nuna cewa dole ne kwangila ta fara tantance dukkan sharuddan tukuna, sannan ne kawai za ta iya sabunta yanayin cikinta (internal state), kuma dole ne ta kira kwangilolin waje (external contracts) a mataki na karshe kawai.

Sai dai kuma, kodayake kayan aikin bincike na atomatik suna gano matsalar reentrancy mai sauki cikin sauki a yanzu, hare-haren cross-contract reentrancy masu sarkakiya na iya faruwa a wasu yanayi na musamman, wanda ke nuna cewa koda tsofaffin dabarun tsaro za su iya rikida su koma sabbin hanyoyin kai hari.

## Zamanin Uninitialized Logic da Delegate Calls

Darussan da aka koya daga The DAO sun shiga jikin al'ummar masu haɓaka shirye-shirye (developers) da sauri, waɗanda tun daga lokacin suka ƙirƙiri tsare-tsare masu sarkakiya, kuma suka dogara ga ra'ayoyi kamar library contracts da proxy patterns don rage kuɗin gas da kuma samar da hanya mai sauƙi ta haɓaka tsarin (upgradability). A cikin wannan sarkakiya ne aka samu wata sabuwar hanyar kutse, inda babban misali mafi muni shi ne raunin tsaro na Parity Multi-Sig Wallet.

Parity wani Ethereum client ne da ake amfani da shi sosai, kuma ya samar da smart contract don walat mai sa hannun mutane da yawa (multi-signature wallet) wanda babban tsarinsa (core logic) yake a cikin wata kwangilar dakin karatu ta tsakiya (central library contract). An yi hakan ne don adana albarkatu, tunda walat-walat da dama za su iya yin amfani da dakin karatu guda maimakon tura lambar shirin (code) iri daya sau da yawa.

![Kripto da Hakin — Mafarkai Masu Ban Tsoro na Black Hat](https://netts.io/blog/images/body/b7dc4431528a66c92d05f1f6a167125cf15ddc18-611.webp)

Nau'in wannan raunin tsaro ya faru ne sakamakon rashin fahimtar aikin delegatecall da kuma uninitialized state variables. Aikin delegatecall yana ba wa kwangila damar gudanar da wani aiki daga wata kwangilar daban, amma yana ba wa wannan aikin damar shiga ma'ajiyar (storage) kwangilar da ta yi kiran. A cikin library contract ta Parity, akwai wani aiki na saita masu mallakar walat din.

Amma ita kanta library contract din ba a taba saita ta ba (never actually initialized).

Wani dan kutse ya gano cewa zai iya kiran aikin farawa (initialization function) kai tsaye a kan kwangilar dakin karatu (library contract), sannan ya yi ikirarin kasancewa mamallakin dakin karatun. Bayan ya mallaki dakin karatun, sai ya yi amfani da wani aiki don ruguza shi da kansa.

## Daskarewar Walat-walat na Multi-Sig

Walat-walat na multi-sig wadanda suka dogara da wannan dakin karatun sun daina aiki nan take lokacin da aka ruguza dakin karatun. Dukkan dabarun lissafi (logic) da ake bukata don gudanar da hada-hada ko barin wani ya cire kudi, ko ma kawai duba sauran kudin da kake da shi (balance), duk sun bace. A yayin wannan tsari, sakamakon kuskuren tsarin gine-gine (architectural mistake), daruruwan miliyoyin daloli na Ether ba sace su aka yi ba, a maimakon haka an daskare su ne gaba daya.

Wannan ya fito da babban hadarin kwangilolin lissafi wadanda ba a fara su ba (uninitialized logic contracts) da kuma hadurran da ke tattare da ayyukan delegatecall — rukunin hadurran da suka zama sanannen abu a yau, amma ba a fahimce su sosai ba a wancan lokacin. Domin gyara wannan, masu samar da manhaja (developers) yanzu suna dogara ne ga wasu kebantattun masu gyara farawa (initialization modifiers) wadanda ke tabbatar da cewa za a iya fara kwangila sau daya kacal, sannan sukan sanya wasu darajoji na bogi (dummy values) a cikin yanayin kwangilar lissafi ta mai turawa (deployer) domin kada kowa ya iya yin ikirarin biyan kudi.

Kodayake irin wannan yanayin ba zai yiwu ba a yau, babban hadarin rashin kula da tsarin wakilci (proxy pattern) har yanzu wani abu ne da ya kamata a yi la'akari da shi sosai a cikin kowane ingantaccen tsarin kudi na rarraba (decentralized finance architecture).

## Rudun Cryptographic na Gadojin Cross-Chain

Tare da yaduwar tsarin crypto zuwa fiye da blockchain daya, an sami bukatar hadin gwiwar aiki (interoperability), wanda ya bayyana a cikin nau'ikan gadojin cross-chain daban-daban. Wadannan ka'idoji (protocols) suna ba da damar kulle kadarori a cikin wata sarka (chain) sannan a samar da wakilcin su a cikin dayan sarkar.

Due to the sheer volume of assets held by them, they were honey pots of dreams for black hat hackers.

Harin da aka kai wa gadar Wormhole wani babban darasi ne mai ban tsoro kan yadda ƙaramin kuskure ɗaya yayin aiwatarwa zai iya sa tantancewar sirri (cryptographic verification) mai sarƙaƙiya ta gaza gaba ɗaya. Wormhole ta ba da damar tura kadarori tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na Solana da Ethereum. Wannan ya haɗa da wasu rukunin masu tsaro (guardians) da ke sa ido kan wani lamari a kan sarka ɗaya (chain) sannan su sanya hannu a kan saƙo don tabbatar da hakan. Daga nan sai sarka mai karɓa ta tantance waɗannan sa hannun kafin ta samar da (minting) waɗancan takardun shaida (tokens) a matsayin sabbi.

Raunin ya kasance ne a wurin tantance sa hannu a cikin kwangilar fasaha (smart contract) ta Solana. Tantancewar sirrin an yi ta ne ta hanyar wani tsarin Solana (program) da aka riga aka gina wanda kwangilar ke kira. Amma masu haɓaka Wormhole ba su bincika ko tsarin da ake kira shi ne ainihin tsarin babban manhajar (system program) ba. Maharin ya kuma ƙirƙiri wani tsari wanda koyaushe yake bayar da saƙon nasara, ba tare da la'akari da abin da aka shigar ba.

![Kripto da Hakin — Mafarkai Masu Ban Tsoro na Black Hat](https://netts.io/blog/images/body/f07a7543274d3ad3921a8ab12dc584db6accfbb1-1352.webp)

Bayan haka, aka umarci kwangilar Wormhole da ta yi amfani da wannan jabun manhaja don tantancewa. Bisa kuskuren zaton cewa sa hannun na gaskiya ne, kwangilar ta ci gaba da samar da (minting) daruruwan miliyoyin daloli na Ethereum da aka naɗe (wrapped Ethereum) a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta Solana, alhalin babu ko sisin Ethereum da aka kulle a ɗayan ɓangaren. Daga nan sai maharin ya mayar da waɗannan sabbin takardun shaida marasa jingina zuwa Ethereum, inda ya kwashe ainihin kadarorin da ke cikin tsarin (protocol).

Wannan wani hari ne na ƙwarewa da fasaha sosai da aka kai kan tsarin tantance asusun Solana. An gyara wannan ta hanyar tsaurara tantancewa don tabbatar da cewa wurin tantancewar lallai adireshin hukuma ne na asali (hardcoded).

Sakamakon ya kasance mai girma, wanda ya bukaci tallafin gaggawa daga masu tallafawa aikin domin hana durkushewar tsarin DeFi a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta Solana.

Irin wannan raunin na iya sake faruwa a nan gaba saboda siffofin musamman na tsarin bunkasa smart contract, musamman a muhalli mai dogaro kacokan kan tsarin asusu (account-model) kamar Solana, idan masu samar da manhaja ba su gudanar da tsauraran matakan tantancewa da tabbatar da asusu da shirye-shirye ga kowane bangare na waje da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin smart contracts dinsu ba.

## Kutsen Gadar Nomad

Kamar yadda Wormhole ya kasance harin da aka tsara ta wata hanya ta musamman, kutsen gadar Nomad ya nuna yadda yake da sauki kuskure guda daya na dabara (logic flaw) ya jefa protocol cikin rudani kamar filin kowa-ya-ga-ta-kansa. Domin aiwatar da wannan aikon sako tsakanin sarƙoƙi (cross-chain messaging), Nomad ya yi amfani da tsarin optimistic rollup wanda ya dogara da Merkle tree don nuna cewa sako yana da inganci. Masu samar da manhajar sun tafi da babban kuskure wajen fara saita (initialization) tushen da aka amince da shi (trusted root) lokacin da suke tura sabuntawa ga protocol din.

Wannan ya faru ne saboda sun saita trusted root zuwa zero hash — wanda shi ne asalin kima (default value) na variable din da ba a saita ba a cikin Solidity. Hakan ya sa duk wani sako da ba a tantance shi sosai ba ya koma zuwa zero hash, wanda yanzu kwangilar (contract) take dauka a matsayin ingantaccen trusted root. A takaice, wani dan kutse ya gano cewa zai iya kirkirar hada-hadar da za ta bukaci kwangilar ta cire kudade, kuma saboda shaidar (proof) ta koma zuwa zero hash, kwangilar za ta amince da ita a kowane lokaci.

Wannan kutsen ya kasance na musamman saboda saukinsa da kuma tsantsar rudanin da ya biyo baya. Bayan dan kutse na farko ya gudanar da harin, sauran masu amfani ma suka tsunduma ciki. Ba a bukaci wata kwarewar fasaha ta kutse ba, kawai kwafo da manna bayanan hada-hadar dan kutsen aka yi, sannan aka sauya adireshin da za a tura kudin zuwa nasu, sannan aka tura shi zuwa cikin hanyar sadarwa.

Daruruwan mutane daban-daban sun kwashe kusan dala miliyan dari biyu daga gadon Nomad (Nomad bridge) a cikin 'yan sa'o'i kadan.

Wannan wata gagarumar gazawa ce ta tsaron yanar gizo: layi daya na lambar farawa (initialization code) da aka tsara ba daidai ba wanda ya gurgunta dukkan tsarin tsaro na cryptographic. An magance wannan ta hanyar gyara tsarin farawa na "zero root" da kuma kin amincewa da shi a matsayin tushe mai inganci. Masu amfani da gadon ne suka dandana kudarsu, kuma wannan ya zama babban darasi cewa yayin samar da smart contracts, harafi daya da aka manta ko kuskuren darajar asali (default value) na iya jefa dukkan tsarin (protocol) cikin hadari.

Wannan kuskure (bug) abu ne mai saukin kaucewa idan aka yi gwaji na tsanaki, duk da haka, manyan kurakuran farawa (initialization errors) har yanzu suna ci gaba da addabar tsarin kwamfuta.

## Kurakuran Compiler da Magudin Kasuwa

Daya daga cikin nau'ikan kutse mafi ban tsoro shi ne wanda kuskuren ba ya cikin lambar (code) da mai samarwa ya rubuta, face a cikin kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa (compile) lambar. An tunatar da mu game da wannan lokacin kutsen Curve Finance wanda ya girgiza tushen tsarin DeFi. A matsayinsa na babban dandalin DEX na stablecoins, yawancin manyan kwangilolin Curve an rubuta su ne da Vyper, wani yaren smart contract mai kama da Python wanda ke ba da fifiko ga tsaro da sauki.

![Kripto da Hakin — Mafarkai Masu Ban Tsoro na Black Hat](https://netts.io/blog/images/body/fb1a3072c294e46c9b814e24b51fab2185107cad-533.webp)

Abin farin ciki, masu samar da Curve sun sanya matakan kariya na "reentrancy guards" a cikin smart contracts dinsu, domin kare su daga irin wannan hari da ya taba ruguza The DAO. Sai dai, a cikin wani tsohon nau'in compiler na Vyper, wannan kuskuren (bug) yana boye a ciki.

Kwamfaylar ta yi nasarar fassara lambar Vyper da mutum zai iya karantawa zuwa bytecode da na'ura ke iya karantawa wanda za a aiwatar a kan Ethereum Virtual Machine, amma ba ta yi kyakkyawan aiki ba wajen yada kullewar sake shiga (reentrancy lock) a cikin ayyuka (functions) da dama.

Lambar tana da tsaro, masu haɓakawa sun rubuta ta yadda ya kamata, amma kwamfaylar ta juya ta ci amanarsu, inda ta samar da bytecode mai cike da raunukan tsaro. Wannan yana nufin cewa wani hacker mai mugun nufi ya lura, kuma ya fahimci cewa wasu daga cikin tafukan samar da kuɗi (liquidity pools) na Curve suna da rauni ga matsalar sake shiga tsakanin ayyuka (cross-function reentrancy). Sun yi amfani da wannan damar don sace miliyoyin daloli daga tafukan.

Wannan harin ya kasance mai haɗari sosai saboda babu yadda za a iya gano shi ta hanyar tantance lambar asali (source code auditing) ta gargajiya; lambar asalin tana daidai. Raunin tsaron yana nan ne kawai a cikin bytecode ɗin da aka fassara. Wannan lamari ya tilasta wa dukkan fannin sake duba amincewarsu ga kwamfayloli da tsarin aiki. An magance matsalar ta hanyar sabunta kwamfaylar Vyper da kuma mayar da tafukan da ke da rauni zuwa sabbin kwangiloli (contracts) da aka fassara cikin aminci.

Sakamakon ya kasance babban rashi na amincewa da kuma fahimtar cewa dole ne tsaro ya kai har zuwa tushen tsarin fasaha. Kurakuran kwamfayla ba su cika faruwa ba, tabbas, amma kuma kusan ba zai yiwu a hango su ba, don haka irin wannan mummunan mafarki a matakin tsarin aiki zai iya sake faruwa cikin sauƙi.

Flash loans — wani sabon nau'in kayan aikin kuɗi ne, wanda ya bayyana tare da haɓakar harkar kuɗi marasa tsakiya (decentralized finance), ya canza yanayin yin kutse (hacking) gaba ɗaya. Flash loans suna ba mai amfani damar karɓar adadin kuɗin crypto kusan marar iyaka ba tare da bayar da jingina ba, muddin an biya bashin kafin wannan ma'amalar ta kammala. Idan har ba a kammala biyan kuɗin ba, ana soke dukkan hada-hadar — tamkar ma ba a taɓa yin ta ba.

Flash loans, waɗanda galibi ana yin su ne don cinikin arbitrage ko kuma liquidation, sun ba wa miyagun mahara (black hat hackers) damar samun kuɗaɗen da suke buƙata don yin amfani da kura-kurai masu zurfi na lissafi a cikin tsarin kasuwar. Yin amfani da harin Euler Finance a matsayin misali, Euler wani tsarin bayar da rance ne (lending protocol) don yin ajiya da samun riba. Masu amfani kuma za su iya ba da gudummawar kadarorin da suka adana zuwa asusun ajiyar tsarin (protocol reserves), wani aiki da ake kira donateToReserves a cikin tsarin.

Amma masu haɓaka tsarin (developers) sun manta da wani muhimmin binciken lafiyar asusu (health check) a cikin wannan aiki guda ɗaya. Haka kuma ba su bincika ko asusun da mai bayar da gudummawar ya cire kuɗin zai kasance da sauran ma'auni (balance) bayan bayar da gudummawar ba. Maharin ya ari babban adadin kadarori ta hanyar flash loan sannan ya adana su a cikin Euler. Bayan haka, sai suka yi amfani da aikin donateToReserves don ba da gudummawar wani ɓangare na ajiyar su.

Ba tare da binciken lafiyar asusu ba, tsarin ya amince da gudummawar, wanda hakan ya kai asusun maharin zuwa matakin fatara na bogi. Daga baya maharin ya gudanar da liquidation na asusunsa. Sai dai kuma, lissafin da ke bayan garabasar liquidation na Euler yana da sarƙaƙiya, kuma flash loan ɗin yana da girma sosai, don haka mai yin liquidation ɗin ya ƙare da samun ƙarin daraja daga tsarin fiye da abin da suka adana.

Sun mayar da flash loan ɗin sannan suka tsere da kusan dala miliyan ɗari biyu. Wannan ba gazawar tsaro ta cryptographic ba ne ko kuma kuskuren compiler (compiler bug), a'a, gazawa ce kawai ta lissafin kuɗi a cikin lambobin tsarin (code). A wannan yanayin, masu haɓaka tsarin sun manta ne kawai su saka layi ɗaya na code wanda ke duba lafiyar asusu bayan wani mataki. Gyaran da aka yi ya haɗa da samar da binciken lafiyar asusu da ya dace da kuma sake fasalin dukkan lissafin sarrafa haɗari (risk management logic) na tsarin.

Wannan ya haifar da mummunan sakamako, inda ya dakatar da tsarin kuma aka kwashe watanni ana tattaunawa kafin a dawo da wasu daga cikin kuɗaɗen.

Irin waɗannan dabarun kutse na manhaja (logical exploits) inda hada-hadar kuɗi masu sarƙaƙiya ke mu’amala ta hanyoyin da ba a yi niyya ba, su ne mafi yawa kuma mafi haɗari a fannin kutse (hacking) na gaskiya a yau. Sarƙaƙiyar tsarin (protocol) za ta ci gaba da ƙaruwa, kuma irin wannan kuskure na lissafi (logical oversight) tabbas zai ci gaba da maimaita kansa.

## Gwagwarmayar Da Ke Ci Gaba Tsakanin Lambobin Kwamfuta da Sakamakonsu

Idan ka duba tarihin waɗannan manyan kutse da aka yi, za ka ga wani tsari guda ɗaya da ke maimaita kansa. Waɗannan raunuka (vulnerabilities) ba kasafai suke faruwa sakamakon gazawar tsarin yarjejeniya (consensus mechanisms) na blockchain ba. A’a, gazawa ce ta tunanin ɗan adam da aka sanya a cikin lambobin kwamfuta (code) waɗanda ba sa canzawa. Ko dai sabuntawar yanayin tsarin (state update) ne ya lalace, ko hanyar lambobin kwamfuta (codepath) ta wakili (proxy) da ba a rubuta ba, ko tsallake binciken sirri (cryptographic check), ko kuskuren manhajar fassara (compiler error), ko kuma rashin binciken daidaiton kuɗi (financial invariance check), babban matsalar ita ce kuskure a tsarin kwangilar fasaha (smart contract) tun daga farko.

Domin kawar da waɗannan haɗura, masana’antar tana da tsarin kariya mai ƙarfi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da:

1. Binciken lambobin kwamfuta (code audits) da kamfanonin tsaro masu zaman kansu ke yi. 2. Kayayyakin tabbatarwa na ƙa’ida (formal verification tools) waɗanda ke tabbatar da cewa lambobin kwamfuta suna aiki daidai yadda aka tsara ta hanyar lissafi. 3. Kyaututtukan gano kuskure (bug bounties) masu tsoka waɗanda ake biyan ƙwararrun masu kutse na gari (white hat hackers) don gano matsaloli kafin miyagu su gano su. 4. Yin amfani da makullan lokaci (time release locks) da tsarin sa hannun mutane da yawa (multi-sig) don rage saurin tura sabuntawa mai cutarwa. 5. Yin amfani da tsarin inshora na bai-ɗaya (decentralized insurance protocols) don bayar da kariya idan kutse ya faru.

Duk da haka, kutse na mugunta (black hat hacking) har yanzu yana nan, koda yake waɗannan matakan kariya sun ƙara zama na zamani. Tushen haɓaka manhaja shi ne cewa sarƙaƙiya tana samar da damar gazawa.

Karuwar sarkakiyar harkokin kuɗi na bai-ɗaya (decentralized finance), inda masu haɓaka shirye-shirye ke gina ƙa'idoji (protocols) masu sarkakiya waɗanda ke haɗa dumbin wasu kwantiragin basira (smart contracts) da kuma yin aiki a sassa daban-daban na sarƙoƙin bayanai (blockchains), tana samar da sabbin hanyoyin kai hari waɗanda ba a taɓa gani ba.

Tun da yake maharan ba su da iyaka sai dai iyakacin tunaninsu, kawai suna buƙatar gano hanya guda ɗaya da za ta yi aiki ne domin su yi nasara, yayin da tsarin tsaro koyaushe yake biye da su kuma yana baya. Wannan zai kasance gwagwarmaya ta har abada inda masu gina makomar tsarin bai-ɗaya za su ci gaba da fafatawa da masu yin zagon ƙasa gare shi. Mummunan mafarkin hare-haren intanet (hacking) zai ci gaba da sauyawa a matsayin tunatarwa ta dindindin: a duniyar da lambobin sirri (code) su ne doka, kuskuren rubutu guda ɗaya zai iya sa a rasa komai.

Ganin cewa kowane layin lambar sirri (code) yana da darajar daruruwan dubban daloli, inganci da daidaito a ayyukan yau da kullum suna da mahimmanci kamar tsaro domin tabbatar da mafi girman matakin aiki. Masu amfani da tsarin galibi suna fuskantar nauyin kuɗaɗen hanyar sadarwa (network costs) yayin sarrafa kadarorin dijital, musamman tsayayyun kuɗaɗe (stablecoins). Yanzu, duk lokacin da kake tura USDT, idan abu ne da kake yi akai-akai don tura jari, ka sani cewa kuɗin tura wannan USDT ɗin na iya canzawa sosai ta yadda zai rage maka jari.

![Kripto da Hakin — Mafarkai Masu Ban Tsoro na Black Hat](https://netts.io/blog/images/body/34152a20b98c0c43676268dfd3c3a61089671d6b-1203.webp)

A matsayinka na mai taka rawa a cikin wannan tsarin (ecosystem), gano hanyar tura USDT mai rahusa yana da matuƙar mahimmanci. Wannan shi ne inda wasu takamaiman kayan aiki ke ba ka fa'ida. An samar da sabis ɗin netts: USDT Transfer Calculator ne domin haɓaka waɗannan aikace-aikacen.

Idan ka tura Tether a dandalin TRON, yana amfani da wani kaso na Energy da Bandwidth daga gare ka; idan ba ka da ko daya daga cikinsu, dandalin zai kona TRX dinka dangane da kudaden cinikin USDT dinka.

Na'urar lissafi ta Netts wacce ke lissafa ainihin Energy da Bandwidth da ake bukata tun kafin lokaci, na nufin cewa masu amfani za su iya yin babban tanadi ta hanyar hayar energy maimakon kona TRX, wanda ke kiyaye kadarorinka yadda ya kamata a duniyar da kowane dan kankanin bangare na token yake da kima.